# Interpretation of Shapiro test

I'm pretty new to statistics and I need your help. I have a small sample looking as follows:

H4U 0.269 0.357 0.2 0.221 0.275 0.277 0.253 0.127 0.246

I run the Shapiro test using R: shapiro.test(precisionH4U$H4U) and I got the following result: W = 0.9502, p-value = 0.6921 Now, if I assume the significance level at 0.05 than the p-value is larger then alpha (0.6921 > 0.05) and I cannot rejest the H0 hypothesis about the normal distribution, but does it allow me to say that the sample have normal distribution? Thanks! - ## 4 Answers No - you cannot say "the sample has a normal distribution" or "the sample comes from a population which has a normal distribution", but only "you cannot reject the hypothesis that the sample comes from a population which has a normal distribution". In fact the sample does not have a normal distribution (see the qqplot below), but you would not expect it to as it is only a sample. The question as to the distribution of the underlying population remains open. qqnorm( c(0.269, 0.357, 0.2, 0.221, 0.275, 0.277, 0.253, 0.127, 0.246) )  -  the qqplot looks pretty like normal i think... you can try qqnorm(rnorm(9)) several times... – Tomas Sep 21 '11 at 7:31 @Tomas: Perhaps better to say "the qqplot looks as if it could have come from a normal population". It might instead have come from a distribution with heavier tails. – Henry Sep 21 '11 at 13:48 Yes, qqnorm(runif(9)) can produce similar result. So we cannot actually say anything... – Tomas Sep 21 '11 at 13:55 Considering that you are pretty new to statistics, I suspect that you are thinking about this because these are residuals of an estimate of a mean and you want to know whether the assumption of normality is valid for confidence estimates using a$t$-distribution.$t$-tests are quite robust to violations of this assumption, the data look vaguely normal in Henry's q-q plot, and the Shapiro test doesn't indicate that the data come from a population with a non-normal distribution, so I would say that a$t\$-test is appropriate.

I further speculate that you are looking at proportions, in which case you could use a binomial distribution if you were concerned about violations of assumptions.

If it was some other concern that got you to Shapiro tests, you can ignore everything I just said.

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 You got it right, I wanted to know if I can use t test for my sample. Thanks! – Jakub Sep 18 '11 at 14:44

As Henry already said you can't say it's normal. Just try to run the following command in R several times:

shapiro.test(runif(9))


This will test the sample of 9 numbers from uniform distribution. Many times the p-value will be much larger than 0.05 - which means that you cannot conclude that the distribution is normal.

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Failing to reject a null hypothesis is an indication that the sample you have is too small to pick up whatever deviations from normality you have - but your sample is so small that even quite substantial deviations from normality likely won't be detected.

However a hypothesis test is pretty much beside the point in most cases that people use a test of normality for - you actually know the answer to the question you are testing - your data are not going to be normal. (They might be pretty close sometimes, but actually normal?)

The question you should care about isn't 'are they normal' (they simply aren't). The question you actually should care about is more like 'is the deviation from normality I have going to materially impact my results?'. If that's potentially an issue, you might consider an analysis that's less likely to have that problem.

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