Finding local extrema of a density function using splines

I am trying to find the local maxima for a probability density function (found using R's density method). I cannot do a simple "look around neighbors" method (where one looks around a point to see if it's a local maximum with respect to its neighbors) as there is a large volume of data. Furthermore, it seems more efficient and generic to use something like Spline interpolation and then find the roots of the 1st derivative, as opposed to building a "look around neighbors" with fault tolerance and other parameters.

So, my questions:

1. Given a function from splinefun, what methods will find the local maxima?
2. Is there an easy / standard way to find derivatives of a function returned using splinefun ?
3. Is there a better/standard way to find the local maxima of a probability density function ?

For reference, below is a plot of my density function. Other density functions I'm working with are similar in form. I should say that I am new to R, but not new to programming, so there may be a standard library or package for achieving what I need.

Thanks for your help!!

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I'm not clear why the large volume of data is a problem for the 'look around neighbours' method. density() doesn't estimate the density for every datum, it estimates the density at n values, where n is a user-specified parameter with default value n = 512. –  onestop Jun 19 '12 at 15:39
My n for this is 2^15 and it seems that the data has a lot of variance at a point-by-point level. I tried writing a max/min finder using the something similar to the neighborhoods method (via msExtrema {msProcess}) and was only able to identify a few of the maximums, never all, by playing with the tolerance settings. –  aaronlevin Jun 19 '12 at 16:06
Looking at the code for msExtrema, it's a simple wrapper for peaks from the splus2R package, which you'd be better off using directly if you only want the local maxima and not the local minima. I can't see why using the default span=3 wouldn't find all the local maxima. And 2^15=32768 shouldn't be large enough for efficiency to be a big worry. –  onestop Jun 19 '12 at 16:37
The function returned by splinefun has an argument "deriv" that is 0 by default. Set deriv=1 for the first derivative. –  Cyan Jun 19 '12 at 16:44
Hmm, peaks appears to be buggy: It calls max.col with the default setting of ties.method = "random", which not only breaks ties at random but also sets a relative tolerance of 1e-5 for declaring a tie. The former is confusing, the latter is definitely not what you want here. peaks() also takes a strict parameter that is poorly documented and, looking at the function's code, does nothing. Ah, the joys of user-contributed software libraries! You might well be able to fix it though, as you say you're not new to programming, –  onestop Jun 19 '12 at 18:46
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What you want to do is called peak detection in chemometrics. There are various methods you can use for that. I demonstrate only a very simple approach here.

require(graphics)
#some data
d <- density(faithful$eruptions, bw = "sj") #make it a time series ts_y<-ts(d$y)

#calculate turning points (extrema)
require(pastecs)
tp<-turnpoints(ts_y)
#plot
plot(d)
points(d$x[tp$tppos],d$y[tp$tppos],col="red")

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Of all the solutions, this worked best. 1. Follow-up question: is there a way to toggle tolerance with turnpoints ? Found a lot of Peaks and Valleys in the long-tail portion of the Density function. 2. Follow-up question #2: what is a good way to determine tolerance? –  aaronlevin Jun 20 '12 at 14:06
ad 1. I don't think so. It is intended for testing randomness of time series, so the function doesn't need that. You could try to test relevance/significance of a peak yourself. E.g., you could do a t-test against the neighborhood (where you can decide how big the neighborhood should be). Or you can look for a more sofisticated function in R packages for evaluation of data from (mass) spectrometry or other analytic chemistry methods. –  Roland Jun 20 '12 at 14:26