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 r× 3897 an open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. regression× 2572 Techniques for analyzing the relationship between one (or more) "dependent" variables and "independent" variables. time-series× 1423 data observed over time (either in continuous time or at discrete time periods). machine-learning× 1162 Methods and principles of building "computer systems that automatically improve with experience." hypothesis-testing× 1039 Hypothesis testing assesses whether data support a given hypothesis rather than being an effect of random fluctuations or some other process described by an alternative hypothesis. probability× 1005 A probability provides a quantitative description of the likely occurrence of a particular event. distributions× 965 a mathematical description of *probabilities* or *frequencies.* correlation× 809 A measure of the degree of linear association among a pair of variables. logistic× 776 Refers generally to statistical procedures that utilize the logistic function, most commonly various forms of logistic regression self-study× 733 A routine question from a textbook, course, or test used for a class or self-study. This community's policy is to "provide helpful hints" for self-study questions. anova× 697 ANOVA stands for ANalysis Of VAriance, a statistical model and set of procedures for comparing the means of groups of related data. Generally the independent variables in an ANOVA analysis are categor… bayesian× 672 a method of statistical inference in which some kind of evidence or observations are used to calculate the probability that a hypothesis may be true, or else to update its previo… classification× 650 the problem of identifying the sub-population to which new observations belong, where the identity of the sub-population is unknown, on the basis of a training set of dat… data-visualization× 634 Presenting results in graphical form; for example, histogram, scatterplot, or boxplot. statistical-significance× 632 Statistical significance refers to the probability that, if, in the population from which this sample were drawn the true effect were 0 (or some hypothesized value) a test statistic as extreme or more… clustering× 568 Partitioning data into subsets of objects according to their mutual "similarity," without using preexisting knowledge such as class labels. Clustered-standard-errors and/or cluster-samples should be t… normal-distribution× 532 a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that is defined by the mean and standard deviation. Parametric statistics tests require the population to be normally distribut… mixed-model× 496 "Mixed models" refers to a class of models developed to account for correlation that may occur within nested data. confidence-interval× 484 An interval of random variables, depending on observed data, which, with a fixed probability, contain an unknown parameter of interest. estimation× 458 Any statistical process which seeks to approximate an unknown value, such as a distribution, a point estimate (e.g. mean), or confidence interval. spss× 452 SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a proprietary cross-platform general-purpose statistical software package. repeated-measures× 427 Repeated measures data occurs when more than one measurement is collected on the same unit (e.g. subject). This data cannot be analysed through normal methods because the rows in the data are not inde… sampling× 402 Creating samples from a well-specified population using a probabilistic method and/or producing random numbers from a specified distribution. variance× 398 The expected squared deviation of a random variable from its mean; or, the average squared deviation of data about their mean. mathematical-statistics× 386 Mathematical theory of statistics, concerned with formal defintions and general results. multiple-regression× 381 a signal that the question focuses on a problem particular to multivariate analysis, such as multiple correlations or interactions. multivariate-analysis× 367 used when there is more than one variable of interest in the statistical analysis. pca× 367 a technique to decompose an array of numerical data into a set of orthogonal vectors (uncorrelated linear combinations of the variables) called principal components. Fe… categorical-data× 365 Categorical data can take on a "limited" (usually fixed) number of possible values. Not to be confused with factor-analysis. modeling× 352 a formalization of relationships between variables in the form of mathematical equations. A statistical model describes how one or more random variables are related to one or mo… data-mining× 334 Data mining uses methods from artificial intelligence in a database context to discover previously unknown patterns. As such, the methods are usually unsupervised. It is closely related but not identi… generalized-linear-model× 321 A generalization of linear regression allowing for nonlinear relationships via a "link function" and for the variance of the response to depend on the predicted value. dataset× 320 Structured data files in any format, collected together with the documentation that explains their production or use. svm× 318 Support Vector Machine refers to "a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis." t-test× 305 A test for comparing the means of two samples; also known as the "Student t-test" after the pseudonym of its inventor. predictive-models× 301 statistical models whose primary purpose is to predict other observations of a system optimally, as opposed to models whose purpose is to test a particular hypothesis or explain …