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A tag is a keyword or label that categorizes your question with other, similar questions. Using the right tags makes it easier for others to find and answer your question.

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 independence× 302 independent when information on some of them tells you nothing about the probability of occurrence (/ distribution) of the others. Please DO NOT use this tag for indep… sample× 296 a subset of a population. Statistics, in general, is concerned with using samples to make inference about the parameters governing a larger (possibly infinite) population. matrix× 290 a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns. The individual items in a matrix are called its elements or entries. spatial× 289 The field of study concerning statistical methods that use space and spatial relationships (such as distance, area, volume, length, height, orientation, centrality and/or other spatial characteristics… likert× 284 Classically, a Likert scale was composed of the sum of many Likert items (ordinal ratings of the amount of agreement with a statement), where all the items were equally valid. Today the term sometimes… aic× 279 AIC stands for the Akaike Information Criterion, which is one technique used to select the best model from a class of models using a penalized likelihood. A smaller AIC implies a better model. assumptions× 279 Refers to the conditions under which a statistics procedure yields valid estimates and/or inference. E.g., many statistical techniques require the assumption that the data are randomly sampled in some… markov-process× 273 A stochastic process with the property that the future is conditionally independent of the past, given the present. meta-analysis× 269 Meta-analysis refers to methods focused on contrasting and combining results from different studies, in the hope of identifying patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those result… dimensionality-reduction× 261 Dimensionality reduction refers to techniques for reducing many variables into a smaller number while keeping as much information as possible. One prominent method is [tag pca] r-squared× 258 In linear regression, the coefficient of determination, usually symbolized by $R^2$, is the proportion of the total response variance explained by the regression model. normality× 257 Refers to the normal distribution, the Gaussian continuous probability distribution. summary-statistics× 255 A brief numerical description of a set of data. computational-statistics× 253 Refers to the interface of statistics and computing; the use of algorithms and software for statistical purposes. logit× 252 A name given to the log-odds function, which maps probabilities to the real line. mixed-effect× 249 "Mixed effects models" refers to models that have both fixed effects and random effects. They are used to model longitudinal data or data that are clustered & thus do not have independent errors. power-analysis× 249 An inquiry into the quality of a statistical test by calculating the power - the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is false - under certain circumstances. Power analysis is of… effect-size× 249 "a measure of the strength of a phenomenon or a sample-based estimate of that quantity" [Wikipedia]. fixed-effects-model× 248 In biostatistics, fixed-effects may mean population-average effects. In econometrics, fixed-effects may represent the observed quantities in terms of explanatory variables that are treated as if the q… random-generation× 245 The act of generating a sequence of numbers or symbols randomly, or (more often) pseudo-randomly; i.e., with lack of any predictability or pattern. sem× 241 a multivariate technique popular in social sciences. It is based on formulating a set of linear relations between variables, some of which may be latent, and estimating… bias× 240 Bias, in a statistical framework, means that an estimate of a parameter has an expected value that is not equal to the actual parameter value. There is often a tradeoff between bias and variance - low… fitting× 239 The process of fiting some statistical model to a particular set of data. Mostly done on a computer, and using varied numerical methods such as optimization or numerical integration, or simulation. … ancova× 233 Analysis of Covariance. descriptive-statistics× 233 Descriptive statistics summarize features of a sample, such as mean and standard deviations, median and quartiles, the maximum and minimum. With multiple variables, may include correlations and crosst… binary-data× 232 In broader sense - synonym of "dichotomous data": any data that can take on only one of two values. In narrower sense - dichotomous data coded as 1 or 0; furthermore, sometimes "1" is supposed to mean… negative-binomial× 231 A discrete, univariate distribution modelling the number of ${\rm Bernoulli}(p)$ trial successes until a specified number of failures occur. gamma-distribution× 230 A non-negative continuous probability distribution indexed by two strictly positive parameters. roc× 227 Receiver Operating Characteristic, also known as ROC curve. count-data× 224 non-negative integers representing whole amounts. When such data are the dependent variable in a regression, Poisson or negative binomial regression may be appropriate methods. One comm… hidden-markov-model× 221 used for modelling systems that are assumed to be Markov processes with hidden (i.e. unobserved) states. excel× 220 a commercial spreadsheet program created by Microsoft. ranking× 220 ordering data from highest to lowest or *vice versa.* For questions about *constructing* scores to use in ranking, please use the "valuation" tag, too. convergence× 219 Convergence generally means that a sequence of a certain sample quantity approaches a constant as the sample size tends to infinity. power× 215 Is a property of a hypothesis testing method: the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is false, i.e. the probability of not making a type II error. The power of a test depends o… prior× 215 In Bayesian statistics a prior distribution formalizes information or knowledge (often subjective), available before a sample is seen, in the form of a probability distribution. A distribution with la…