# Tags

A tag is a keyword or label that categorizes your question with other, similar questions. Using the right tags makes it easier for others to find and answer your question.

 Type to find tags:
 kernel-trick× 310 used in machine learning to generalize linear techniques to nonlinear situations, especially SVMs, PCA, and GPs. Not to be confused with [kernel-smoothing], for kernel density estim… naive-bayes× 309 a simple probabilistic classifier based on applying Bayes' theorem with strong independence assumptions. A more descriptive term for the underlying probability model would … continuous-data× 309 called continuous if its set of possible values is uncountable, and the chance that it takes any particular value is zero ($\text{P}(X = x) = 0$ for every real number $x$). A … gamma-distribution× 308 A non-negative continuous probability distribution indexed by two strictly positive parameters. glmm× 308 Generalized Linear Mixed (effects) Models are typically used for modeling non-independent non-normal data (eg, longitudinal binary data). covariance-matrix× 304 A $k\times k$ matrix of covariances between all pairs of $k$ random variables. It is also called variance-covariance matrix or simply variance matrix. reliability× 301 said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions. DO NOT confuse reliability with validity (see tag wiki). distance× 300 Measure of distance between distributions or variables, such as Euclidean distance between points in n-space. hidden-markov-model× 299 used for modelling systems that are assumed to be Markov processes with hidden (i.e. unobserved) states. causality× 299 The relationship between cause and effect. skewness× 298 Skewness measures (or refers to) a degree of asymmetry in the distribution of a variable. power× 296 Is a property of a hypothesis testing method: the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is false, i.e. the probability of not making a type II error. The power of a test depends o… ancova× 294 really a special case of multiple linear regression, used in ANOVA-like settings with some continuous covariates in addition to the categorical ones. autoregressive× 294 a stochastic process modelling time series, which specifies the value of the series linearly in terms of the previous values. bayes× 294 Combining probabilities with Bayes' Theorem, especially as used for conditional inference. group-differences× 293 Group differences broadly refer to statistics which quantify the differences between two or more subpopulations. small-sample× 290 Refers to any statistical complication or problem due to having few data. excel× 286 a commercial spreadsheet program created by Microsoft. gaussian-process× 282 Gaussian processes refer to stochastic processes whose realization consists of normally distributed random variables, with the additional property that any finite collection of these random variables … standardization× 281 Shifting and rescaling data to assure zero mean and unit variance. regularization× 281 Inclusion of additional terms (typically a penalty for complexity) in the model fitting process. Used to prevent overfitting / enhance predictive accuracy. garch× 280 Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models are used for time series in which the residual variance changes over time. The variance of the error term is assumed to follow … biostatistics× 279 The science of statistics applied to the analysis of biological or medical data. post-hoc× 278 decided upon after the data has been collected, as opposed to "a priori". posterior× 276 Refers to the probability distribution of parameters conditioned on data in Bayesian statistics. quantiles× 276 The quantiles of a distribution refer to points on its cumulative distribution function. Some common quantiles are quartiles and percentiles. large-data× 276 'Large data' refers to situations where the number of observations (data points) is so large that it necessitates changes in the way the data analyst thinks about or conducts the analysis. (Not to be … kernel-smoothing× 273 Kernel smoothing techniques, such as kernel density estimation (KDE) and Nadaraya-Watson kernel regression, estimate functions by local interpolation from data points. Not to be confused with [kernel-… exponential× 273 A distribution describing the time between events in a Poisson process; a continuous analogue of the geometric distribution. validation× 272 the process of assessing whether the results of an analysis are likely to hold outside of the original research setting. DO NOT use this tag for discussing validity of a measurement or… discrete-data× 265 Refers to data generated from a distribution that has a countable sample space. Discrete data may be nominal (e.g. the distribution of race in a sample of individuals) or ordinal (e.g. the number of e… average× 265 Average most often refers to the arithmetic mean, but more generally to measures of central tendency that use most, or all, of the data values. Examples include trimmed mean, Winsorized mean, harmonic… curve-fitting× 264 fit curves (as in linear or non-linear regression) to data. odds-ratio× 264 A measure of association between two binary variables equal to the odds of a 'positive' outcome in 1 variable divided by the odds in the other. The OR ranges (0, infinity). It has a strong connection … robust× 263 Robustness in general refers to a statistic's insensitivity to deviations from its underlying assumptions (Huber and Ronchetti, 2009). seasonality× 263 Seasonality refers to the recurring fluctuation around the mean of a time-series for a given period of time, usually a calendar year.