For two samples, the standard (two-sided) two-sample t-test and an ANOVA are equivalent (unless the t-test is run with a correction for unequal variances). ANOVA is not more robust in any way. (One can easily show that $F=t^2$ where $F$ is the ANOVA test statistic and $t$ is the one of the two-sample t-test.)
There is no reason to prefer ANOVA for two groups. Note that the two-sample t-test can be run without issues in a one-sided way (for example testing $\mu=0$ against $\mu>0$) whereas the ANOVA F-test cannot (because due to $F=t^2$ it doesn't differentiate between whether $t$ is larger or smaller than 0).