# Is multiple logistic regression the right choice or should I use univariate logistic regression?

I have a set of data (~ 90 cases) and an outcome of a diagnostic test. I have collected factors that were determined before the test that could predict the outcome of the test. Now some of the data are binary, some are continuous (lab tests), one is categorical (the original diagnosis leading to the symptom with 5 categories).

The statistician did (in SPSS) a multiple logistic regression on most of the parameters and then a backwards stepwise selection, which produced a model, one of the factors was strongly significant (<0.001), the others insignificant (two of them in the 0.01-0.05 range). The question from my colleagues was natural - why was this or that possible factor not included, and "these two factors are actually significant, or can we say nearing significance". I must say I don't like to interpret "nearing significance", but I have to work with my colleagues. I asked the statistician to perform another analysis, this time with the full set of factors, and the result is different, only one of the factors (the most significant one) stayed in the new model, is still strongly significant but there are other factors, also in the 0.01-0.05 range, which will bring me to the "nearing significance" problem again. I also tried with R and Rcmdr with the same data, and stepwise selection based on AIC or BIC produces different results (only the one factor remains the same).

Now I see that given that various stepwise selection methods produce different models with insignificant factors, the presence of these factors in the model is just random. That's why I would like not to include them. Most of all, I don't want to interpret their presence in the model because the colleagues think that I should as they are "nearing significance".

Question 1: To make things simpler, is it possible to run a "battery" of univariate logistic regressions on all the variables? This would solve both my problems - I would have one simple significant model with the most significant variable and wouldn't have to deal with "nearing significance" interpretation in the others.

Question 2: Is there any correction of the significance to be used in multiple logistic regression as it is with multiple comparisons, so I can deal with the "near significance" argumentation?

It is obviously not correct to rerun models until by chance they give what you expect...

Ideally, the model structure (i.e. selection of predictors, transformations, interactions) is chosen based on a number of points before computing the model:

• Expert knowledge such as publications and research questions. This includes thinking.

Example: if you are mainly interested in the effect of a particular variable $X$ on the response $Y$ and you know that $X$ has a strong causal effect on $Z$, then it would be quite stupid to include $Z$ in the model along with $X$, because this would partially hide the effect of $X$ onto $Y$. That is maybe the case in your model.

• Univariate distributions of variables (e.g. excluding potential predictor "sex" if there is only one male or if most values are missing; log-transform some right-skewed variables with outliers if it makes scientific sense etc.)
• Bivariate distributions of the predictors (e.g. if both potential predictors "age" and "experience" are highly correlated, it might suffice to include just one of the two)

The hidden message of the above points: Don't take into consideration the association between the response variable and the potential predictors at this point. This will tend to bias the model to fit your expectations. It also answers Question 1: Such univariate screening is not suitable for variable selection. It might be part of the analysis though as complement to the multivariate model. This depends on the research question.

The answer to Question 2 depend on what the research question or the objective of the analysis is:

• You could, for instance, be interested in testing some specific hypotheses. Then the "borderline significance" and multiple testing problem becomes an issue.
• (And) or you might want to have a good predictive model. Then cross-validation (or similar) of the performance of the model is of much higher relevance than p values.
• (And) or you might be interested in estimating the effects of some particular predictor.
• Thank you for the answer. In my Question 1 I was not looking for a way to select the variables, I was rather asking if it is appropriate not to do multiple regression, but instead, to perform a "battery" of univariate regressions - and use this as a result. As to your comment on Question 2 - i know that cross-validation of the performance of the model is of higher relevance than p-values, but you would have to explain this to a lot of people. In medical science, p-value is all that matters because noone understands the rest. – amirzolal Jul 8 '14 at 20:39
• Your post touches so many aspects that it is difficult to provide a good answer. Wether your univariate regressions are useful really depends on the aim of the analysis. – Michael M Jul 8 '14 at 20:42
• In this type of research, the question is always the same. Can we predict the result of the test / procedure by using variables known before we perform the test / procedure? I know its wrong to do it this way. But the papers are all the same. You collect a bunch of variables, do multiple regression and see what becomes "significant", then you publish. That is also the reason why there are so many conflicting results. – amirzolal Jul 8 '14 at 20:49

To deal more specifically with the "'battery' of univariate logistic regressions on all the variables" than @Michael's excellent answer: If the purpose of fitting a model is to make predictions, then it's unclear why you're so concerned with "significance" - (validated) model performance is what's important, & this will rarely be improved by selecting a model based on a single predictor & ignoring all the others. If the purpose is to estimate individual coefficients for each predictor (perhaps for tentative identification of causes) then you want to control for the effects of other predictors, which you don't by looking at each in its own separate model.

If the full model's too big for the data, then data reduction on the predictors prior to fitting & shrinkage methods such as ridge regression can improve its predictive power more reliably than stepwise. Read some good books on how to build predictive models:

Harrell (2001), Regression Modelling Strategies

Steyerberg (2009), Clinical Prediction Models

Steyerberg et al. (2000), "Prognostic modelling with logistic regression analysis: a comparison of selection and estimation methods in small data sets", Statistics in Medicine, 19, pp 1059-79 is especially relevant to the situation you describe.

† And there's no sense at all in performing hypothesis tests after stepwise procedures.

• Thank you for the helpful answer. Just to make clear, why I am so concerned with "significance": this is medical research. The reviewer will ask for the significance and that is the only thing that will matter to him / her. The same applies to my colleagues / the boss who has to allow me to try to publish the paper. I have even reviewed a paper with p values in description of measurements in 3 patients. The reason was that the paper got rejected in another journal, one of the reasons was that the "statistics is not well done" and "p values are missing". Read 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. – amirzolal Jul 9 '14 at 19:02