Does the ratio fallacy apply when calculating a Pearson's correlation between one ratio variable and one absolute variable (no common term)? Am I committing the ratio fallacy when I calculate the Pearson's correlation between a variable x/y and a variable z, with no common terms?
I have found a similar question to mine here but the reader is referenced to a paper goes far beyond my understanding: "Spurious Correlation and the Fallacy of the Ratio Standard Revisited" by Richard Kronmal (1993) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (vol 156, no 3, pp. 379-392).
 A: If x and y are each independent of z, x/y and z will also be independent. So observing a significant correlation between x/y and z is an indication that there is some genuine association between the two.
You can see an example of this by recreating the example in the Wikipedia article you linked for your setting in R (or a similar program): 
n <- 1000
x <- rnorm(n, mean = 10, sd = 1)
y <- rnorm(n, mean = 10, sd = 1)
z <- rnorm(n, mean = 10, sd = 1)
plot(x/y, z)
cor(x/y, z, method = "spearman")
cor.test(x/y, z, alternative = "two.sided", method = "spearman")

For 1000 observations, I arrive at a Spearman correlation of -0.035 and a pretty unimpressive p-value of 0.269. You can also use a Pearson correlation (-0.031, p=0.321 for my simulation), but be careful not to produce outliers in your x/y by choosing sensible means and variances. As you can see, in this setting both correlations are close to 0, whereas in the example you linked the Pearson correlation was 0.53, which is pretty far away from 0.
Edit: x and y need not be independent for this to work, we just need that x and y are each independent of z (and hence x/y is independent of z). Changing the example from above so that there is quite a strong association between x and y:
n <- 1000
x <- rnorm(n, mean = 10, sd = 1)
y <- x + 1 + rnorm(n, mean = 1, sd = 1) ## create some dependence on x, maybe add random noise
cor(x, y, method = "spearman")
cor.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", method = "spearman")
cor(x, y, method = "pearson")
cor.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", method = "pearson")


z <- rnorm(n, mean = 10, sd = 1)
plot(x/y, z)
cor(x/y, z, method = "spearman")
cor.test(x/y, z, alternative = "two.sided", method = "spearman")
cor(x/y, z, method = "pearson")
cor.test(x/y, z, alternative = "two.sided", method = "pearson")

We see a strong relationship between x and y in this example (Pearson=0.729, p<2.2e-16; Spearman=0.709, p<2.2e-16), but no relationship between x/y and z (Pearson=0.036, p=0.252; Spearman=0.026, p=0.396).
