Can a 2-2-1 feedforward neural network with sigmoid activation functions represent a solution to XOR? I'v been playing around with back propagation, trying to see if I can find a solution to the XOR problem using a 2-2-1 network. Based on my simulations and calculations, a solution is not possible without implementing a bias for every neuron. Is this correct?
 A: It is not possible to give a perfect logical gate with a logistic output neuron because the range is $(0,1)$, but you can approximate $(0,0)\mapsto 0, (0,1)\mapsto 1, (1,0) \mapsto 1, (1,1) \mapsto 0$ arbitrarily well, contrary to the previous answer.
Let the inputs be $i,j$. Let the first hidden neuron have weights $(1,1)$ so that its output is $\sigma(i+j)$ where $\sigma$ is the logistic function $\sigma(x) = \frac{\exp(x)}{1+\exp(x)}$, which is $(0,0)\mapsto 1/2, (1,0),(0,1) \mapsto \sigma(1) = 0.731, (1,1) \mapsto \sigma(2) = 0.881$. Let the second hidden neuron have weights $(2,2)$ so that it takes the values $1/2, \sigma(2) = 0.881, \sigma(4) = 0.982$. Let the output neuron have weights $(\alpha,\beta)$. In order to produce the XOR function, we want 
$$\begin{eqnarray}\frac12 \alpha + \frac12 \beta &\ll& 0 \newline \sigma(1) \alpha + \sigma(2) \beta & \gg & 0 \newline \sigma(2) \alpha + \sigma(4) \beta &\ll & 0.\end{eqnarray}$$
If we find $(\alpha,\beta)$ so that the inequalities are satisfied, this puts the outputs on the correct sides of $1/2$. Then we can rescale so that the output of the network is arbitrarily close to XOR.
The inequalities are satisfied by $(-1,\beta)$ if $0.830 = \frac{\sigma(1)}{\sigma(2)} \lt \beta \lt \frac{\sigma(2)}{\sigma(4)} = 0.897$. For example, $(\alpha,\beta) = (-1,0.85)$ produces outputs of $(0.481, 0.504, 0.488)$. Scaling this up to $(\alpha,\beta) = (-1000,850)$ gives a neural network of the required structure and no biases which takes the following values:
$$\begin{eqnarray}
(0,0) & \mapsto & 2.7 \times 10^{-33} & \approx & 0\newline
(0,1) & \mapsto & 1 - (2.2 \times 10^{-8}) & \approx & 1\newline
(1,0) & \mapsto & 1 - (2.2 \times 10^{-8}) & \approx & 1\newline
(1,1) & \mapsto & 9.7 \times 10^{-21} & \approx & 0.
\end{eqnarray}$$
So, you can produce XOR using that structure and no biases.
