what does linear regression actually mean? Wikipedia gives the following definition for linear regression:

In statistics, linear regression is an approach for modeling the
  relationship between a scalar dependent variable y and one or more
  explanatory variables (or independent variable) denoted X. The case of
  one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression.

What does the name actually mean?  I.e. what do the 'linear' and 'regression' parts of the name actually stand for?
 A: Linear means you are estimating a relationship by a straight line, or more correctly by linear multiples of the explanatory variables and a constant.
Regression is related to regression to the mean: the expected height of children of tall parents (adjusted for gender) estimated from linear regression is above average but lower than the heights of the parents; this has echoes of eugenics. Using Francis Dalton's data as illustrated in Wikipedia you get something like this 
 
A: "Linear" refers to the type of the model,
$$
y=\beta_0 + \beta_1 x_1 + \beta_2 x_2 +\ldots + \beta_m x_m.
$$
to understand the meaning of "linear" without going to higher dimensions, let's have just one $x$ and assume $\beta_0=0$. Then above formula reduces to,
$$
y= \beta_1 x_1
$$
as you see this is a line with slop of $\beta_1$ in 2D space. This models simply means, by knowing a coefficient, $\beta_1$ and having some values for $x_1$, then you can find (maybe predict with some uncertainty) the value of the left hand side (usually called response variable). This procedure is called regression in literature.
