# Cubic Fit to Underlying Linear Model

I am considering the following conceptual question from Introduction to Statistical Learning, chapter 3, number 4.

I collect a set of data ($n$ = 100 observations) containing a single predictor and a quantitative response. I then fit a linear regression model to the data, as well as a separate cubic regression, i.e. $Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1X + \beta_2X^2 + \beta_3X^3 + \epsilon$.

(a) Suppose that the true relationship between $X$ and $Y$ is linear, i.e. $Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1X + \epsilon$. Consider the training residual sum of squares (RSS) for the linear regression, and also the training RSS for the cubic regression. Would we expect one to be lower than the other, would we expect them to be the same, or is there not enough information to tell? Justify your answer.

The community around the text has answered this in terms of model flexibility. The cubic polynomial makes a tighter fit against the training data and has a smaller training RSS. The overfit of the training data causes a higher test RSS.

My question is about the cubic fit on the data with an underlying linear relationship. Wouldn't a cubic regression identify the lack of importance of $X^2$ and $X^3$ as predictor variables?

I prepared some sample data to prove this for myself:

## linear fit on linear data

power   coeff       SE          T-stat          p-value
0       5.011958    0.038305    130.844922      4.091123238180578e-112
1       0.299021    0.002319    128.950570      1.6942879597381592e-111


## cubic fit on linear data

power   coeff       SE          T-stat          p-value
0       5.017693    0.043301    115.880040      2.9231219834217572e-105
1       0.305327    0.007315    41.739973       1.1965359594166447e-63
2       -0.000642   0.000626    1.026529        0.15361089123836455
3       0.000014    0.000014    0.982705        0.16411145023789503


Am I missing something in my thinking?

• What was the sample size for your data? It looks like it was very large (or the error variance was very small), and if that's the case then it's not a good indication of what could happen if the sample size was 100 (or if the error variance was larger). – mark999 Jun 4 '16 at 5:56
• This was on an $n=100$. As it turned out my method for calculating the parameter standard error, t-stat, and p-value were incorrect. I was implementing this in python, but ran the analysis on R against the same generated feature and target vectors (generated nearly identically to how you did), and finally managed to get my python methods to match the R output. I have adjusted the original question. – Joshua Cook Jun 5 '16 at 0:55

Your argument is correct. Since the true relationship is linear, the square and cubic terms in the cubic fit are not significant. And that is confirmed by the large p-values (0.215 and 0.461).

As mentioned by @mark999, it seems you are using a very large sample size because the standard errors are so small. If you follow the original question and use $n=100$, the numbers would be different but the conclusion will stay the same.

> set.seed(1)
> x <- runif(100, 0, 5)
> y <- 5 + 2*x + rnorm(x)
> linear.fit <- lm(y ~ x)
> cubic.fit <- lm(y ~ x + I(x^2) + I(x^3))
> summary(linear.fit)

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Residuals:
Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
-1.84978 -0.56222 -0.08707  0.52427  2.51661

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)  4.82067    0.20581   23.42   <2e-16 ***
x            2.06247    0.07069   29.18   <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.9411 on 98 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.8968,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.8957
F-statistic: 851.2 on 1 and 98 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

> summary(cubic.fit)

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x + I(x^2) + I(x^3))

Residuals:
Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
-1.85466 -0.59246 -0.09722  0.54144  2.48360

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)  4.63484    0.46455   9.977  < 2e-16 ***
x            2.42391    0.74492   3.254  0.00157 **
I(x^2)      -0.16671    0.34102  -0.489  0.62607
I(x^3)       0.02144    0.04535   0.473  0.63742
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.9496 on 96 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.897,     Adjusted R-squared:  0.8938
F-statistic: 278.7 on 3 and 96 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16