How to predict factor scores in Lavaan

Question

In doing a CFA in Lavaan, I had to use the covariance matrix as an input because I was getting some errors with the original data e.g., negative variances.

I would normally have predicted factor scores using the predict() function, lavPredict functions the same, but now that I'm using the covariance matrix it's not possible to do this directly.

Is there a way to use the information from the CFA to calculate factor scores in the same way as Lavaan does it? I believe the predict() function uses the method of regression to calculate factor scores.

This is sample code to produce factor scores with raw data as input. Using this method I get an error in one of my variances:

library(lavaan)

model1 = '
Latent1 =~ X1 + X2
Latent2 =~ X3 + X4 + X5
Latent3 =~ X6 + X7
'

model1.fit = cfa(model1, data=mydata) #fit Lavaan model

predict(model1.fit) #Predict factor scores (method of regression)

This is the code to produce factor scores with covariance matrix as input. There are no error messages here, but I can't produce factor scores as there is not data to link them to:

cov = cor2cov(cor,std) #(using cor2cov function to create covariance matrix out of correlation table (cor) and standard deviations (std))

model2 = '
Latent1 =~ X1+ X2
Latent2 =~ X3 + X4 + X5
Latent3 =~ X6 + X7
'

model2.fit = cfa(model=model2, sample.cov=cov,sample.nobs=102,std.lv=FALSE)

How to proceed from here to produce factor scores using the results from Lavaan's CFA analysis?

Answer 1

This question has received a number of views since it was first posed, but no answers. Here is a solution, which may be useful to future readers of this question.

To demonstrate it works I will first run a cfa() model in using the HolzingerSwineford1939. The model is taken from the lavaan tutorial page.

library(lavaan)
dat<-data.frame(HolzingerSwineford1939[,7:15])

mod<-'
visual=~x1+x2+x3
textual=~x4+x5+x6
speed=~x7+x8+x9
'

fit<-cfa(mod, data = dat)

This returns the following solution:

> summary(fit)
lavaan (0.5-22) converged normally after  35 iterations

  Number of observations                           301

  Estimator                                         ML
  Minimum Function Test Statistic               85.306
  Degrees of freedom                                24
  P-value (Chi-square)                           0.000

Parameter Estimates:

  Information                                 Expected
  Standard Errors                             Standard

Latent Variables:
                   Estimate  Std.Err  z-value  P(>|z|)
  visual =~                                           
    x1                1.000                           
    x2                0.554    0.100    5.554    0.000
    x3                0.729    0.109    6.685    0.000
  textual =~                                          
    x4                1.000                           
    x5                1.113    0.065   17.014    0.000
    x6                0.926    0.055   16.703    0.000
  speed =~                                            
    x7                1.000                           
    x8                1.180    0.165    7.152    0.000
    x9                1.082    0.151    7.155    0.000

Covariances:
                   Estimate  Std.Err  z-value  P(>|z|)
  visual ~~                                           
    textual           0.408    0.074    5.552    0.000
    speed             0.262    0.056    4.660    0.000
  textual ~~                                          
    speed             0.173    0.049    3.518    0.000

Variances:
                   Estimate  Std.Err  z-value  P(>|z|)
   .x1                0.549    0.114    4.833    0.000
   .x2                1.134    0.102   11.146    0.000
   .x3                0.844    0.091    9.317    0.000
   .x4                0.371    0.048    7.779    0.000
   .x5                0.446    0.058    7.642    0.000
   .x6                0.356    0.043    8.277    0.000
   .x7                0.799    0.081    9.823    0.000
   .x8                0.488    0.074    6.573    0.000
   .x9                0.566    0.071    8.003    0.000
    visual            0.809    0.145    5.564    0.000
    textual           0.979    0.112    8.737    0.000
    speed             0.384    0.086    4.451    0.000

When using raw data for input the lavPredict() and predict() return predicted values for the latent variables.

> head(lavPredict(fit))
          visual     textual       speed
[1,] -0.81767524 -0.13754501  0.06150726
[2,]  0.04951940 -1.01272402  0.62549360
[3,] -0.76139670 -1.87228634 -0.84057276
[4,]  0.41934153  0.01848569 -0.27133710
[5,] -0.41590481 -0.12225009  0.19432951
[6,]  0.02325632 -1.32981727  0.70885348

Running the same model with the covariance matrix as input returns the same results, but as the original poster notes yields an error when attempting to derive the factor scores.

> COV<-cov(dat)
> fit1<-cfa(mod, sample.cov = COV, sample.nobs = 301, sample.mean = colMeans(dat))
> lavPredict(fit1)
Error in lavPredict(fit1) : 
  lavaan ERROR: sample statistics were used for fitting and newdata is empty

The solution is fairly straightforward as what the package needs is some raw data to "chew on" so to speak. Here you amend the code to identify the original dataset as raw data input for the prediction function (lavPredict(fit1, newdata = dat)). This returns the following (which remember is the same model fitted in lavaan but using the covariance matrix as input).

> head(lavPredict(fit1, newdata = dat))
          visual     textual       speed
[1,] -0.81767524 -0.13754501  0.06150726
[2,]  0.04951940 -1.01272402  0.62549360
[3,] -0.76139670 -1.87228634 -0.84057276
[4,]  0.41934153  0.01848569 -0.27133710
[5,] -0.41590481 -0.12225009  0.19432951
[6,]  0.02325632 -1.32981727  0.70885348

As you can see the results are identical.