# Significant effect of control variable on the concerned determinant

I have a regression where I find the effect of x on y while controlling for z:

y = x + z


Theoretically,

1. Both x and z have an effect on y.
2. z has an effect on x.
3. But x do not have an effect on z.

Is the simple OLS regression as shown in the above form is valid to capture pure effect of x on y?

• N.B: if this question is a duplicate, you should have found it via the search function ;-) – Andy Oct 20 '16 at 13:16
• stats.stackexchange.com/questions/38093/… I found this but it does not address my issue of theoretical causality. – Mumbo.Jumbo Oct 20 '16 at 13:17
• A risk you might have is that if x and z are correlated (and you say they are in point 2that they both have very similar contributions to y. OLS will give very unstable results if that is the case. You can read more about this: Multicollunearity – JAD Oct 20 '16 at 13:23
• @JarkoDubbeldam yes, that is also a problem, apart from my aim of estimating the pure effect. – Mumbo.Jumbo Oct 20 '16 at 13:27
• And about the correlation for different measurements (I assume you meant that instead of estimations) at 10 different times, you should account for this using mixed models. – JAD Oct 20 '16 at 13:29

Like I said in the comments, the correlation between $x$ and $z$ may cause some issues, but that doesn't mean they are necessarily a problem for your model.

Assuming they are not perfectly correlated (in which case calculating OLS is impossible) the model as is can still be used, depending on what you want with it. If you want to make predictions on $y$, in most cases you can still do that. If you want to draw conclusions about the effect of $x$ on $y$, then you should be more careful.

Is the correlation a problem?

You can check this by checking the VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) of the variable. Most statistical software will have built-in functions to let you calculate this. If the values of the correlated variables $x$ and $z$ are higher than 5, then the correlation is starting to become a problem.

How to fix it

At the cost of introducing a bit of bias, you could drop $z$ from the model. If it is correlated enough with $x$ to become a problem for parameter-estimation, you can assume that their effects on $y$ are pretty similar, so you can just attribute all the predictive power to $x$. Alternatively you can create a new variable $w = x+z$, and use that for your regression.

• How about regressing x=z and taking residuals and then regressing y=residual? – Mumbo.Jumbo Oct 20 '16 at 14:15
• That would remove all the information shared by both $x$ and $z$ from the model as you regress only on the part of $x$ that is not explained by $z$. Since you are mostly interested in the effect of $x$ (correct me if I'm wrong), you could instead regress $z\sim x$ and then $y \sim x + res$. I am not 100% sure, but I feel like that should work. (maybe try testing the validity using Cross-validation) – JAD Oct 20 '16 at 14:19
• I have realized after your suggestion that perhaps I can use the mixed model but as you can see that my Data has a multi-level response as well as a multi-level explanatory variable with levels being same, It would be nice to know your suggestions. stats.stackexchange.com/questions/242784/… – Mumbo.Jumbo Oct 28 '16 at 13:25