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This question was edited to clairify my question, for the old question see the edit log
I found this about regression and correlation:

Regression is different from correlation because it try to put variables into equation and thus explain causal relationship between them, for example the most simple linear equation is written : Y=aX+b

Based on the infromation mentioned here:

However such results do not allow any causal explanation of the effect of x on y, indeed x could act on y in various way that are not always direct, all we can say from the correlation is that these two variables are linked somehow, to really explain and measure causal effect of x on y we need to use regression method, which will come next.

If we plot data and it shows a clear linear trend we can test if this linear trend is significant using a correlation test (I assume), if this is the case we can apply a linear model to this and then inspect the p value of the slope to determine if the slope is probably the same as we could expect in our popultion.

I'm not sure if the above assumption is correct so I'm wondering what the p value of the correlation test tells us and what the P value of the slope tells us?

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    $\begingroup$ Short answer is always to follow the regression. It's more flexible if you change the model whereas the correlation answers one question only. The linear fit looks plausible for the data but an exponential fit also works well (try it) and doesn't have the downside of going negative at some point. (Still, if biological plausibility is a goal here, as it should be, it also seems possible that too much acid would just kill the fungus, so growth might stop any way.) $\endgroup$ – Nick Cox Jan 18 '17 at 14:17
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    $\begingroup$ What could "slope" possibly mean without an assumption of a linear relationship in the first place?? $\endgroup$ – whuber♦ Jan 18 '17 at 14:22
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    $\begingroup$ The regression is the analysis to follow. It's just a coincidence here that regression and correlation overlap so much. If you decided that the relationship was curved, and here there is a serious case for that, then the correlation is immediately secondary to the regression and not directly pertinent. $\endgroup$ – Nick Cox Jan 18 '17 at 14:24
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    $\begingroup$ The p-value tells you whether it's statistically away from zero. Therefore, whether the coefficient is useful or not in the regression. $\endgroup$ – SmallChess Jan 18 '17 at 14:31
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    $\begingroup$ @Stefan One reason it might surprise you is that the assumptions underlying a correlation test and a regression slope test are different--so even when we understand that the correlation and slope are really measuring the same thing, why should their p-values be the same? That shows how these issues go deeper than simply whether $r$ and $\beta$ should be numerically equal. $\endgroup$ – whuber♦ Jan 19 '17 at 19:04
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There are different questions in this question. Neither correlation nor linear regression can prove causal relationship. But in your mind and in the model, the correlation is not directed but regression is. There is no difference in correlation, whether you think one value is the reason for the other whereas the formulation of a linear regression modell usually implies a direction. At least with ordinary least squares, it is not the same, whether you write $Y = aX+b$ or $X = cY+d$. However $cor(X,Y) = cor(Y,X)$.

Correlation and linear regression are familar, but the link is the $R^2$ value which results from linear regression and is indeed the square of the correlation coefficient $r$. You have not mentioned $R^2$ in your post so maybe this will help to get a better understanding.

The p-value mainly tells you, whether you sampled a large enough sample to conclude, which sign the correlation coefficient a and the regression coefficient r have.

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  • $\begingroup$ Can you please explain when correlation is usefull and when linear regression is usefull $\endgroup$ – KingBoomie Jan 18 '17 at 16:36
  • $\begingroup$ As a general rule, correlation is easy to grasp and will give a correlation coefficent and a p-value. If that is all you need, use correllation for its simplicity. Linear regression is more complex and yields all the information of correlation and then some more. Use regression if you want to know, whether X values are usually larger then Y values. Use regression, if you want to take a third or fourth value into account. E. g. Use regression if you want to see if there are differences in the slope between women and men. Use regression if you want to predict Y-values from X-values. $\endgroup$ – Bernhard Jan 18 '17 at 16:41
  • $\begingroup$ Once you start to deal with regression, you can develop it further and further and it will become more and more powerful. There are so many types and techniques of regression built upon linear regression, you can problably learn the rest of your life about. However, sometimes there is a lot of sense in brevity. When you write a poster or an abstract or you are in a situation with very little time to speak, sometimes "r = .008" or " r = 0.996" says it all and will be understood by people who only had an introductory course in statistics. That's why you should learn both. $\endgroup$ – Bernhard Jan 18 '17 at 16:47
  • $\begingroup$ @RickBeeloo stats.stackexchange.com/questions/2125/… $\endgroup$ – SmallChess Jan 18 '17 at 22:54

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