# How to Interpret Interaction Between Two Categorical Variables

I am having some difficulty attempting to interpret an interaction between two categorical/dummy variables. For example, lets say there is an interaction term between an individual's gender and her race.

sex=1 if male & race=1 if white

There is an interaction term between sex and race sex*race

Let's say this is the regression model:

wage = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1*educ + 𝛽2*sex + 𝛽3*race + 𝛽4*(sex*race) + e

How would you interpret 𝛽4 in this model? I presume it would be that if an individual is male and white, his wage will increase by 𝛽4. 𝛽2 would be if an individual is male, his wage will increase by 𝛽2+𝛽4*race and 𝛽3 would be if an individual is white, then his wage will increase by 𝛽3+𝛽4*white. Is this a correct interpretation? If not, please help me understand any flaws in my intuition. I appreciate the help, thank you.

• If the person is male but not white, the wage is increased by $\beta_2$ (or decreased if $\beta_2$ is negative).
• If the person is not male but is white, the wage is increased by $\beta_3$.
• If the person is male and white, the wage is increased by $\beta_2+\beta_3+\beta_4$. That is, the term $sex *race$ makes your model non-linear. Without this term, if the person is male and white, the wage is increased by the amount of increase if he is male plus the amount of increase if he is white, which is one property of linear models. In other words, this term places more emphasise on the employees that are both male and white.
• @AndersMadsen If I correctly get your question, we compare to the case where either the person is woman or black. (The complement of A and B is not(A) or not(B)). In this case (where the person is woman or black), we cannot say that the wage is increased by β2+β3+β4, and it is obviously increased by a different value for different combinations of sex and race. – Hossein Sep 13 '17 at 14:18