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I am studying time series. I have the following data:

The Model for this Data is given by: enter image description here $Revenue= \beta_0+\beta_1{X_{1t}}+\beta_2({X_{S1,t}})+\beta_3({X_{S2,t}}) + \beta_4({X_{S3,t1t}})$

or equivalently :

$Revenue= \beta_0+\beta_1{X_{1t}}+\beta_2(Qrt1)+\beta_3(Qrt2) + \beta_4(Qrt3)$

(I am not sure if it is correct)

Because it is a Time series data, autocorrelation is a problem. I am trying to overcome the autocorrelation problem and I found that I could use first difference. I have some examples but none use Dummy variables.

I also saw that applying this method to overcome autocorrelation will give a stationary process, which I think that we are removing Trend and seasonality

I then used MINITAB and obtained:

enter image description here

Then I run a normal regression analysis selecting DiffY, DiffQrt1, DiffQrt2 and DiffQrt3 and do not select the Difft as it is the trend and the values are always 1. (If I include Difft I receive the following message: * ERROR * Continuous predictors must have more than one distinct value.)

Also I do not include the constant term, as I think that doing first difference we should force the Regression through the origin.

I obtained the following results:

enter image description here

Analyzing the results after fixing the Autocorrelation problem the Durbin test shows a negative autocorrelation.

However I am not really sure if I am doing this in the right way as I cannot find any example using this kind of data.

I need to overcome the Autocorrelation problem in this time series and analise the Durbin-Watson test to check the autocorrelation.

I am also confused, because if we are using first difference to solve the autocorrelation problem why do we still have a Durbin-value of 2.21590 which indicates a negative autocorrelation?

Can anyone help on this?

Thanks

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Differencing the data to deal with autocorrelation will be a poor solution most of the time. Differencing makes sense only when a time series is integrated. Meanwhile, when it is merely autocorrelated, by differencing you will not only fail to remove the autocorrelation (you will turn it from positive to negative, as you have already observed) but will also introduce an integrated moving average pattern in the error term, which is an unnecessary complication.

To deal with autocorrelated errors, you may fit a regression with ARMA errors. (This can be done using auto.arima function in R and putting the regressor matrix in the argument xreg. I do not know how to do it in Minitab, though.) Alternatively, you may include lags of variables as regressors in the model.

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  • $\begingroup$ @user290335, No problem. Let me know if I can help further. $\endgroup$
    – Richard Hardy
    Mar 24, 2017 at 17:13
  • $\begingroup$ Do you know how can I include lags of variables in my model in MINITAB? $\endgroup$
    – user290335
    Mar 24, 2017 at 17:35
  • $\begingroup$ @user290335, No. I had a quick look at the documention, but it looks as if Minitab is not a very advanced suite. Hmm... $\endgroup$
    – Richard Hardy
    Mar 24, 2017 at 17:57
  • $\begingroup$ Why would you want to difference a dummy variable? That's not a good thing to do. $\endgroup$
    – Tom Reilly
    Mar 24, 2017 at 20:53
  • $\begingroup$ @TomReilly, you probably posted it in a wrong thread. I do not mention differencing a dummy variable. $\endgroup$
    – Richard Hardy
    Mar 24, 2017 at 20:55
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ACF shows strong seasonality You have an outlier at period 7 and then the 4th quarter becomes lower starting at period 16 plus a trend variable and 3 seasonal dummies with an intercept does a good job

Equation

Here are the actual, fit and forecasts

Residuals

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