Bayesian inference for probability of finding extra-terrestrial intelligent life as more negative evidence is collected Consider the problem of estimating the number of discoverable extra-terrestrial civilizations (in our galaxy, say), or the related problem of estimating the probability of discovering such a civilization in some given time frame.
The proper way to make such estimations is via Bayesian statistics, where you have prior information about the relevant parameters (number of stars, number of inhabitable planets per star, probability they emit detectable radio signals, etc.) and then revise such probabilities as new data are collected (change in number of inhabitable planets, negative results of radio searches, etc.).
Such prior information is generally presented as the Drake Equation, in which such relevant parameters are multiplied together to get the number of potentially discoverable extra-terrestrial civilizations.  It can be extended, given some measure of the search effort, volume of space that can be monitored, etc., to yield the probability of finding such extra-terrestrial life.
I have heard astrobiologists at scientific conferences and numerous popularizers on TV (e.g., Neal deGrasse Tyson) quote enormously large numbers for the potentially discoverable civilizations, and how given the short (~50-year) effort of SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) searches, the negative results are "like dipping a tea cup into the ocean, finding no whales and erroneously concluding that there are no whales in the ocean."
But is this true?
I have not seen the proper Bayesian statistical method applied to this problem.
Some questions (astronomical but primarily statistical)

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*Is there a recent peer-reviewed scientific/statistical paper where the proper Bayesian estimation methods have been applied to this problem?  (This 30-year-old paper is the most relevant one I've seen, so far.)

*As astronomers find more and more candidate planets, does that mean to a statistician there is an increase the estimated probability we'll find extra-terrestrial life or decrease that probability, given that decades of negative results then imply life is not discovered on a larger number of planets?  (Of course one must make some assumptions about coverage, and so on to answer this.)

*If, as some SETI workers claim, our negative search results don't significantly lower the prior estimation given by the Drake Equation (see the "whale" discussion, above), then will a statistician conclude that doubling, or even increasing our search effort by one or two orders of magnitude similarly not matter, i.e., not change our estimates significantly?

*Given our current estimates for the terms in the Drake Equation and some reasonable extrapolation of search effort (and hence search volume of space and duration of civilization), how long would would a statistician conclude we need to search and at what effort such that the continued negative results would imply the probability of ever finding extra-terrestrial life is negligibly small, say $P \leq 10^{-5}$?

 A: Here is my back of the envelope calculation. It does not answer your questions but is too big to fit in a comment.
Suppose $p$ is the probability of life on an earth like planet and there are $N$ earth like planets. Then the probability of life anywhere else (apart from Earth) is
$$1 - (1-p)^{N-1}$$
The answer to your question depends on how $p$ and $N$ grow over time. In a really simplistic model, suppose we check $k$ planets and find no life except us. Then we might estimate $p = 1/k$, so the probability becomes
$$f(k, N) = 1 - (1-1/k)^{N-1}$$
Now you can check that if $k$ and $N$ are large then the partial derivatives with respect to $N$ and $k$ satisfy $|f_N| < |f_k|$ which implies that if you substitute $k \rightarrow k+1$ and $N \rightarrow N+1$ then the value of $f$ goes down.
This in turns means that if you discover one more earth-like planet and find no life on it, then indeed the probability of finding life in the universe actually decreases.
However, I'm not sure whether this has any value towards answering the practical part of the question. Maybe we just don't know how to detect aliens yet?
