# How to get accuracy, confusion matrix of binary SVM classifier equivalent to multiclass classification?

Consider a 3 class data, say, Iris data.

Suppose we want do binary SVM classification for this multiclass data using Python's sklearn. So we have the following three binary classification problems: {class1, class2}, {class1, class3}, {class2, class3}.

For each of the above problem, we can get classification accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score and 2x2 confusion matrix.

I have the following questions:

1. How to combine the results of these 3 binary classifiers and get a result equivalent to a multiclass classifier, i.e., how to get the final classification accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score and a 3x3 confusion matrix from above 3 accuracies, precisions, recalls, f1-scores and 2x2 confusion matrices?

2. Suppose we have 70%, 80% and 90% accuracies for above 3 class combinations. Should I get the final accuracy as accuracy.mean() +/- accuracy.std(), and the same for other metrics?

3. Or, should I first get the final 3x3 confusion matrix, and from this matrix, I should compute accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score?

4. How does a multiclass classification do it internally? Does it use the strategy in step-3? I am not interested in directly applying multiclass classification, but only binary classification and get the result equivalent to multiclass classification.

Now, suppose we also want to perform kFold cross-validation with the above 3 binary classifiers. So for each fold we will have accuracies, precisions, recalls, f1-scores, and 2x2 confusion matrices. In this case, I can get the average accuracy as accuracy.mean() +/- accuracy.std().

Also, in case of kFold cross-validation, for each binary classification problem, I can get an aggregated confusion matrix by adding 2x2 confusion matrices for each fold. I can also compute average accuracy, precision, etc. across kFolds from this aggregated confusion matrix for each binary classifier. However, the results are slightly different than using accuracy.mean() +/- accuracy.std() across kFolds. I think latter is more reliable.

1. How to use kFold cross-validation for each binary classification problem, and get the final accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score and 3x3 confusion matrix?

I will appreciate if someone could answer above questions with implementation.

Below is minimum working example. Please note that a part of it is pseudo code for loading and splitting data in into train and test sets:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
from sklearn import svm, datasets
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, f1_score, precision_score, recall_score, classification_report, confusion_matrix
import time
import os

tic = time.clock()
# Import data
X = iris.data
Y = iris.target

# Now, suppose we have three separate sets {data1, target1}, {data2, target2}, {data3, target3}
# for binaray classification.

#dataset = [{data1 + data2, target1 + target2}, {data1+ data3, target1 + target3}, {data2 + data3, target2 + target3}]

for d in dataset:

#Import any pair, say, {data1 + data2, target1 + target2}. We will import 3 pairs one-by-one for 3 different binary classification problems.

#data = data1 + data2
#label = target1 + target2

K = 10    #Number of folds
for i in range(K):
kf = KFold(n_splits=K, random_state=None, shuffle=False)

cv = list(kf.split(data1))
trainIndex, testIndex = cv[i][0], cv[i][1]
trainData, testData = data.iloc[trainIndex], data.iloc[testIndex]
trainData_label, testData_label = data_labe.iloc[trainIndex], data_labe.iloc[testIndex]

# So now, we have Train, Test, Train_label, Test_label

clf = []
clf = svm.SVC(kernel='rbf')

clf.fit(Train, Train_label)

predicted_label = clf.predict(Test)

Accuracy_Score = accuracy_score(Test_label, predicted_label)
Precision_Score = precision_score(Test_label, predicted_label,  average="macro")
Recall_Score = recall_score(Test_label, predicted_label,  average="macro")
F1_Score = f1_score(Test_label, predicted_label,  average="macro")

print('Average Accuracy: %0.2f +/- (%0.1f) %%' % (Accuracy_Score.mean()*100, Accuracy_Score.std()*100))
print('Average Precision: %0.2f +/- (%0.1f) %%' % (Precision_Score.mean()*100, Precision_Score.std()*100))
print('Average Recall: %0.2f +/- (%0.1f) %%' % (Recall_Score.mean()*100, Recall_Score.std()*100))
print('Average F1-Score: %0.2f +/- (%0.1f) %%' % (F1_Score.mean()*100, F1_Score.std()*100))

CM = confusion_matrix(Test_label, predicted_label)

print('-------------------------------------------------------------------------------')
toc = time.clock()
print("Total time to run the complete code = ", toc-tic)


First you should create 3x3 confusion matrix and then calculate statistics, we have two type of calculation (macro and micro) for overall statistics (overall precision, overall recall and ...) look at these links for formula :

Overall Accuracy

$$ACC_{Overall}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}TP_i}{Population}$$

Precision Micro

$$PPV_{Micro}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}TP_i}{\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}TP_i+FP_i}$$

Precision Macro

$$PPV_{Macro}=\frac{1}{|C|}\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}\frac{TP_i}{TP_i+FP_i}$$

Recall Micro

$$TPR_{Micro}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}TP_i}{\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}TP_i+FN_i}$$

Recall Macro

$$TPR_{Macro}=\frac{1}{|C|}\sum_{i=1}^{|C|}\frac{TP_i}{TP_i+FN_i}$$

I suggest my lib for your purpose : PyCM

Example Usage :

>>> from pycm import *
>>> y_actu = [2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2] # or y_actu = numpy.array([2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2])
>>> y_pred = [0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2] # or y_pred = numpy.array([0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2])
>>> cm = ConfusionMatrix(actual_vector=y_actu, predict_vector=y_pred) # Create CM From Data
>>> cm.classes
[0, 1, 2]
>>> cm.table
{0: {0: 3, 1: 0, 2: 0}, 1: {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2}, 2: {0: 2, 1: 1, 2: 3}}
>>> print(cm)
Predict          0        1        2
Actual
0                3        0        0
1                0        1        2
2                2        1        3

Overall Statistics :

95% CI                                                           (0.30439,0.86228)
Bennett_S                                                        0.375
Chi-Squared                                                      6.6
Chi-Squared DF                                                   4
Conditional Entropy                                              0.95915
Cramer_V                                                         0.5244
Cross Entropy                                                    1.59352
Gwet_AC1                                                         0.38931
Joint Entropy                                                    2.45915
KL Divergence                                                    0.09352
Kappa                                                            0.35484
Kappa 95% CI                                                     (-0.07708,0.78675)
Kappa No Prevalence                                              0.16667
Kappa Standard Error                                             0.22036
Kappa Unbiased                                                   0.34426
Lambda A                                                         0.16667
Lambda B                                                         0.42857
Mutual Information                                               0.52421
Overall_ACC                                                      0.58333
Overall_RACC                                                     0.35417
Overall_RACCU                                                    0.36458
PPV_Macro                                                        0.56667
PPV_Micro                                                        0.58333
Phi-Squared                                                      0.55
Reference Entropy                                                1.5
Response Entropy                                                 1.48336
Scott_PI                                                         0.34426
Standard Error                                                   0.14232
Strength_Of_Agreement(Altman)                                    Fair
Strength_Of_Agreement(Cicchetti)                                 Poor
Strength_Of_Agreement(Fleiss)                                    Poor
Strength_Of_Agreement(Landis and Koch)                           Fair
TPR_Macro                                                        0.61111
TPR_Micro                                                        0.58333

Class Statistics :

Classes                                                          0                       1                       2
ACC(Accuracy)                                                    0.83333                 0.75                    0.58333
BM(Informedness or bookmaker informedness)                       0.77778                 0.22222                 0.16667
DOR(Diagnostic odds ratio)                                       None                    4.0                     2.0
ERR(Error rate)                                                  0.16667                 0.25                    0.41667
F0.5(F0.5 score)                                                 0.65217                 0.45455                 0.57692
F1(F1 score - harmonic mean of precision and sensitivity)        0.75                    0.4                     0.54545
F2(F2 score)                                                     0.88235                 0.35714                 0.51724
FDR(False discovery rate)                                        0.4                     0.5                     0.4
FN(False negative/miss/type 2 error)                             0                       2                       3
FNR(Miss rate or false negative rate)                            0.0                     0.66667                 0.5
FOR(False omission rate)                                         0.0                     0.2                     0.42857
FP(False positive/type 1 error/false alarm)                      2                       1                       2
FPR(Fall-out or false positive rate)                             0.22222                 0.11111                 0.33333
G(G-measure geometric mean of precision and sensitivity)         0.7746                  0.40825                 0.54772
LR+(Positive likelihood ratio)                                   4.5                     3.0                     1.5
LR-(Negative likelihood ratio)                                   0.0                     0.75                    0.75
MCC(Matthews correlation coefficient)                            0.68313                 0.2582                  0.16903
MK(Markedness)                                                   0.6                     0.3                     0.17143
N(Condition negative)                                            9                       9                       6
NPV(Negative predictive value)                                   1.0                     0.8                     0.57143
P(Condition positive)                                            3                       3                       6
POP(Population)                                                  12                      12                      12
PPV(Precision or positive predictive value)                      0.6                     0.5                     0.6
PRE(Prevalence)                                                  0.25                    0.25                    0.5
RACC(Random accuracy)                                            0.10417                 0.04167                 0.20833
RACCU(Random accuracy unbiased)                                  0.11111                 0.0434                  0.21007
TN(True negative/correct rejection)                              7                       8                       4
TNR(Specificity or true negative rate)                           0.77778                 0.88889                 0.66667
TON(Test outcome negative)                                       7                       10                      7
TOP(Test outcome positive)                                       5                       2                       5
TP(True positive/hit)                                            3                       1                       3
TPR(Sensitivity, recall, hit rate, or true positive rate)        1.0                     0.33333                 0.5

>>> cm.matrix()
Predict          0        1        2
Actual
0                3        0        0
1                0        1        2
2                2        1        3

>>> cm.normalized_matrix()
Predict          0              1              2
Actual
0                1.0            0.0            0.0
1                0.0            0.33333        0.66667
2                0.33333        0.16667        0.5


• OP asks five questions. Can you provide an explanation of how this addresses each of them? – Sycorax Jun 4 '18 at 17:16
• Although implementation is often mixed with substantive content in questions, we are supposed to be a site for providing information about statistics, machine learning, etc., not code. It can be good to provide code as well, but please elaborate your substantive answer in text for people who don't read this language well enough to recognize & extract the answer from the code. – gung - Reinstate Monica Jun 4 '18 at 17:28
• @sepandhaghighi Thank you for your answer. I asked 5 questions, and I am kind of lost to which one are you answering. Also, I do not see answer for kFold cross validation Can you please give a detailed reply with implementation for each question so that it is clear to all of us. As you can see other people are also interested. – Hello World Jun 7 '18 at 1:10
• @sepandhaghighi Also, my first question is how to get a 3x3 confusion matrix from given binary classification problems. While your example begins with a 3x3 confusion matrix. – Hello World Jun 7 '18 at 1:22