# B-Splines VS high order polynomials in regression

I do not have a specific example or task in mind. I'm just new on using b-splines and I wanted to get a better understanding of this function in the regression context.

Let's assume that we want to assess the relationship between the response variable $y$ and some predictors $x_1, x_2,...,x_p$. The predictors include some numerical variables as well as some categorical ones.

Let's say that after fitting a regression model, one of the numerical variables e.g $x_1$ is significant. A logical step afterwards is to assess whether higher order polynomials e.g: $x_1^2$ and $x_1^3$ are required in order to adequately explain the relationship without overfitting.

My questions are:

1. At what point do you chose between b-splines or simple higher order polynomial. e.g in R:

y ~ poly(x1,3) + x2 + x3


vs

 y ~ bs(x1,3) + x2 + x3

2. How can you use plots to inform your choice between those two and what happens if it's not really clear from the plots (e.g: due to massive amounts of data points)

3. How would you assess the two-way interaction terms between $x_2$ and let's say $x_3$

4. How do the above change for different types of models

5. Would you consider to never use high order polynomials and always fitting b-splines and penalise the high flexibility?

I would usually only consider splines rather than polynomials. Polynomials cannot model thresholds and are often undesirably global, i.e., observations at one range of the predictor have a strong influence on what the model does at a different range (Magee, 1998, The American Statistician and Frank Harrell's Regression Modeling Strategies). And of course restricted splines which are linear outside the extremal knots are better for extrapolation, or even intrapolation at extreme values of the predictors.

One case where you may want to consider polynomials is when it is important to explain your model to a nontechnical audience. People understand polynomials better than splines. (Edit: Matthew Drury points out that people may only think they understand polynomials better than splines. I won't take sides on this question.)

Plots are often not very useful in deciding between different ways of dealing with nonlinearity. Better to do cross-validation. This will also help you assess interactions, or find a good penalization.

Finally, my answer doesn't change with the kind of model, because the points above are valid for any statistical or ML model.

• Thanks a lot for your answer, it was very helpful. Just a quick follow-up question. Is there a "state of the art" way to find the knots? My best guess would be to 1) Use intuition e.g: if the variable represents time in terms of months then use knots every 6 or 12? 2) introduce a sequence that goes through the range of the variable and use cross-validation to find the optimal knots maybe? – Vasilis Vasileiou Nov 21 '17 at 14:13
• People think they understand polynomials better than splines. – Matthew Drury Nov 21 '17 at 14:40
• Regarding knot placement: cross-validation is one approach, but to be honest, I think that the results will be quite insensitive to know placement, as long as the knots are placed reasonably and don't cluster together too much. Frank Harrell has a table with heuristic knot placements in terms of quantiles of the predictor's distribution in Regression Modeling Strategies. – S. Kolassa - Reinstate Monica Nov 21 '17 at 14:48
• While your answer is totally valid in this context, your statement is very strong considering that many real-world processes can be modeled better by polynomials. – koalo Nov 21 '17 at 21:09

In section 7.4.5 of "The Elements of Statistical Learning", it's said that splines often give superior results than polynomial regression, because:

• It produces flexible fits;
• Produces more stable estimates;
• Polynomials can produce undesirable results at the boundaries.