# Showing a Corollary of Hoeffding's Theorem

I am currently reading Jun Shao's Mathematical Statistics, and in his discussion of U statistics, he proves that

$$Var(U_n) =$$ $$n\choose m^{-1} \sum_{k=1}^m m \choose kn - m \choose m-k\zeta_k$$

where $$\zeta_k$$ is the variance of the conditional expectation of the kernel conditioning on $$X_1,\ldots,X_k$$, n is the sample size, and m is the number of arguments to the kernel function. He then states the following three facts as a corollary:

(i) $$\frac{m^2}{n}\zeta_1 \leq Var(U_n) \leq \frac{m}{n}\zeta_m$$

(ii) $$(n+1)Var(U_{n+1}) \leq nVar(U_n)$$

(iii) For any fixed m and $$k = 1,\ldots,m$$, if $$\zeta_j = 0$$ for $$j < k$$ and $$\zeta_k > 0$$, then

$$Var(U_n) = \dfrac{k! {m\choose k}^2\zeta_k}{n^k} + O\left(\frac{1}{n^{k+1}}\right)$$

How can we go from the statement of Hoeffding's Theorem to these? I am in particular having trouble working through simplifying the choose operations.

Using variance decomposition ($Var(X) = Var(E(X|Y)) + E(Var(X|Y))$), you can show that $\zeta_1 \le ... \le \zeta_m$.
Note that $n \choose m$$^{-1} m \choose k n-m \choose m-k = k!$$m \choose k$$^2\frac{(n-m)(n-m-1)...(n-2m+k+1)}{n(n-1)...(n-m+1)}$, $k=1...,m-1$. The denominator has $m$ terms and the numerator has $m-k$ terms. If $k=1$, the ratio is $1/n+O(1/n^2)$; if $k=2$, the ratio is $1/n^2+O(1/n^3)$ and so forth. This suffices to prove (iii).
The second inequality of Part(i) uses that $nVar(U_n)$ is a decreasing sequence (Part(ii)). The first inequality is by the fact that $nVar(U_n)$ converges to $m^2 \zeta_1$ (Part(iii)) and $nVar(U_n)$ is a decreasing.