# What are the connections between: the normal, the $\chi^2$ & the F distributions?

I have often read that there is a huge connection between the normal distribution and several other distributions. But these were only mathematical explanations.

What's the "real" connection between these 3 distributions (normal, $\chi^2$, and F)?

– whuber
Aug 27, 2012 at 22:25
• The simple answer is: if you square a normal, you get a $\chi^2$ and if you take the ratio of two $\chi^2$'s, you get a variable with an $F$ distribution. But, your quotations around "real" in your question make me suspect you're asking something else. Can you provide some more details? It may help you know the context in which this question arose. Aug 27, 2012 at 22:57
• @Macro Not quite right. To get the F you need the chi squares to be independent and each needs to be divided by its degrees of freedom before taking the ratio. Aug 27, 2012 at 23:13
• Yes thank you for that correction @Michael but the real purpose of my comment was to clarify what the question is really asking - I suspect that the OP is already aware of these facts (maybe hearing them in a class is what motivated the question) and was asking a) whether there is a deeper explanation about the connection between these distributions or b) perhaps a derivation of their relationships or possibly c) something else? I think the quotations around "real" is what made me think a something more than the simple answer was being requested. Aug 28, 2012 at 0:03
• @Macro I got that impression too. But what else is there to say. My answer and your comment describe the connection between the three distributions. It is not complicated mathematics. Aug 28, 2012 at 0:17

$$N_1,...,N_S {\stackrel{\mathrm{iid}}{\sim}} \mathcal{N}(0,1)\ \longrightarrow Y=N_1^2+...+N_s^2 \sim \chi^2_s$$
$$R\sim\chi^2_r \ \ \ {\rm and} \ \ \ S\sim\chi^2_s {\rm (independent)} \longrightarrow Y=\frac{\frac{1}{r}R}{\frac{1}{s}S}\sim F_{r,s}$$