# Correlation, Scatter graph [closed]

I have river flow rates for two separate rivers

The data produced this scatter graph for both rivers

What is the best type of correlation to use here?

Spearman, Pearson or Kendall?

• Pearson should work fine. – user2974951 Oct 17 '18 at 12:06
• It will be good to add labels on the axes. – user158565 Oct 17 '18 at 15:32
• Your various questions overlap mightily. See e.g. stats.stackexchange.com/questions/371994/… where you presented the same graph, there claimed to be for temperatures. Here correlations would make much more sense for logged "flow rates" (as commented earlier, that could mean discharge or velocity; it's best not to use ambiguous terms). – Nick Cox Oct 17 '18 at 16:18
• First, since both quantities shown here are non-negative, personally I'd logarithm both of the axes before computing any correlation. – sega_sai Nov 27 '18 at 20:54
• @user2974951 Pearson correlation works, but is not especially meaningful without change of variables. – Carl Nov 27 '18 at 20:58

For this particular problem, Spearman rho, apart from noise, will be larger than Pearson correlation until the logarithm of both the $$x$$ and $$y$$ values are taken. Since logarithms do not change ranking order, taking logarithms will not change the Spearman rho correlation (stet; zero change), but the Pearson correlation will improve markedly. Here is an example of improved Pearson correlation from log-log transformation of fan-type data from Wesolowski CA, Babyn PS, Puetter RC. An improved method for determining renal sufficiency using volume of distribution and weight from bolus Tc-99m-DTPA, two blood sample, paediatric data. Nucl Med Commun. 2006;27:963-70. doi:10.1097/01.mnm.0000237988.52572.2c.

That is, the Pearson correlation is higher for the linear case with homoscedastic residuals, and the Spearman rho correlation, in effect, converts the problem into the equivalent of a linear homoscedastic one.

The Kendall rank coefficient would be used in a slightly different, if not entirely different, context. The Kendall rank coefficient is often used as a test statistic in a statistical hypothesis test to establish whether two variables may be regarded as statistically dependent.

There are, however, other considerations. The example given in this answer is probably somewhat more deterministic than the river flow question, that is, it shows in semi-closed systems (pair-wise human bodies), how pair-wise volumes of distribution of a drug and subject masses covary. There are, however uncontrolled variables, e.g., subject to subject variable metabolic-scaled clearance of the drug, varying patient fluid disturbance pathophysiology, modeling error, etc. The river example in the question is clearly moderated by external variables in a mostly open system; two rivers in separate geographic locations with different topography, rainfall and rainfall collection systems (e.g., ponds), cloud cover and possibly different snow melt, i.e., temperature and or climate considerations. Thus, the correlation obtained in the river correlation case is more clearly driven by unspecified causal, or linking variables such that the meaning of the correlation is at best indirect without also examining those factors.

This difference between the two problems can be stated more crisply as follows. In the first case, it is reasonable to postulate that increased body mass is roughly proportional (causally) to the fluid volume of distribution of drug. In the second case, the flow in one river does not cause the flow in the second river, that is, if the rivers are physically different (thus independent) the flow in them can only covary roughly proportionately if similar filling and emptying of those systems occurs simultaneously. The simultaneity requirement is also not an especially useful requirement, as a lag time, seasonal time series analysis and other processing may be more useful.

Note to OP: Although not strictly necessary, it would be nice to label the rivers 'A' and 'B' and put the units of flow in, e.g., cubic feet per minute or cubic meters per second, because one user requested this and because larger rivers may have more similar flows than smaller ones in similar geographic locations.

• On hydrology: topology in the sense of network topology might have secondary importance, but in essence I think you mean topography. You are right on flow rate units, and indeed scaling by area too might make sense. – Nick Cox Nov 28 '18 at 7:18
• Thanks @NickCox, indeed, the meaning is topography. Changed it. – Carl Nov 28 '18 at 19:10