# When to prefer the moment generating function to the characteristic function?

Let $$(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, P)$$ be a probability space, and let $$X : \Omega \to \mathbb{R}^n$$ be a random vector. Let $$P_X = X_* P$$ be the distribution of $$X$$, a Borel measure on $$\mathbb{R}^n$$.

• The characteristic function of $$X$$ is the function $$\varphi_X(t) = E[e^{i t \cdot X}] = \int_\Omega e^{i t \cdot X} \, dP,$$ defined for $$t \in \mathbb{R}^n$$ (the random variable $$e^{i t \cdot X}$$ is bounded hence in $$L^1(P)$$ for all $$t$$). This is the Fourier transform of $$P_X$$.
• The moment generating function (m.g.f.) of $$X$$ is the function $$M_X(t) = E[e^{t \cdot X}] = \int_\Omega e^{t \cdot X} \, dP,$$ defined for all $$t \in \mathbb{R}^n$$ for which the integral above exists. This is the Laplace transform of $$P_X$$.

Already, we can see that the characteristic function is defined everywhere on $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, but the m.g.f. has a domain that depends on $$X$$, and this domain might be just $$\{0\}$$ (this happens, for example, for a Cauchy-distributed random variable).

Despite this, characteristic functions and m.g.f.'s share many properties, for example:

1. If $$X_1, \ldots, X_n$$ are independent, then $$\varphi_{X_1 + \cdots + X_n}(t) = \varphi_{X_1}(t) \cdots \varphi_{X_n}(t)$$ for all $$t$$, and $$M_{X_1 + \cdots + X_n}(t) = M_{X_1}(t) \cdots M_{X_n}(t)$$ for all $$t$$ for which the m.g.f.'s exist.
2. Two random vectors $$X$$ and $$Y$$ have the same distribution if and only if $$\varphi_X(t) = \varphi_Y(t)$$ for all $$t$$. The m.g.f. analog of this result is that if $$M_X(t) = M_Y(t)$$ for all $$t$$ in some neighborhood of $$0$$, then $$X$$ and $$Y$$ have the same distribution.
3. Characteristic functions and m.g.f.'s of common distributions often have similar forms. For example, if $$X \sim N_n(\mu, \Sigma)$$ ($$n$$-dimensional normal with mean $$\mu$$ and covariance matrix $$\Sigma$$), then $$\varphi_X(t) = \exp\left(i \mu\cdot t - \frac{1}{2} t \cdot (\Sigma t)\right)$$ and $$M_X(t) = \exp\left(\mu\cdot t - \frac{1}{2} t \cdot (\Sigma t)\right).$$
4. When some mild assumptions hold, both the characteristic function and the m.g.f. can be differentiated to compute moments.
5. Lévy's continuity theorem gives a criterion for determining when a sequence of random variables converges in distribution to another random variable using the convergence of the corresponding characteristic functions. There is a corresponding theorem for m.g.f.'s (Curtiss 1942, Theorem 3).

Given that characteristic functions and m.g.f.'s are often used for the same purpose and the fact that a characteristic function always exists whereas a m.g.f. doesn't always exist, it seems to me that one should often prefer to work with characteristic functions over m.g.f.'s.

Questions.

1. What are some examples where m.g.f.'s are more useful than characteristic functions?
2. What can one do with an m.g.f. that one cannot do with a characteristic function?
• Isn't the key to this question the word "introductory" near the very end? Would it make any pedagogical sense to introduce anything involving the analysis of complex numbers into a course that presumes only minimal exposure to (and no comfort with) elementary Calculus and often even not that? – whuber Oct 19 '18 at 12:21
• @whuber That was something I thought about as well, but I don’t want my question to be about pedagogy, so maybe I should remove the last paragraph – Artem Mavrin Oct 19 '18 at 16:36
• A partial answer is here: stats.stackexchange.com/questions/304066/… – kjetil b halvorsen Jan 11 at 0:17

That's a good question, but a broad one, so I can't promise I'll say everything about it that should be said. The short answer is that rival techniques differ not in what they can do, but in how neatly they can do it.

Characteristic functions require extra caution because of the role of complex numbers. It's not even that the student needs to know about complex numbers; it's that the calculus involved has subtle pitfalls. For example, I can get a Normal distribution's MGF just by completing the square in a variable-shifting substitution, but a lot of sources carelessly pretend the approach using characteristic functions is just as easy. It isn't, because the famous normalisation of the Gaussian integral says nothing about integration on $$ic+\mathbb{R}$$ with $$c\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{ 0\}$$. Oh, we can still evaluate the integral if we're careful with contours, and in fact there's an even easier approach, in which we show by integrating by parts that an $$N(0,\,1)$$ distribution's characteristic function $$\phi (t)$$ satisfies $$\dot{\phi}=-t\phi$$. But the MGF approach is even simpler, and most of the distributions students need early on have a convergent MGF on either a line segment (e.g. Laplace) or half-line (e.g. Gamma, geometric, negative binomial), or the whole of $$\mathbb{R}$$ (e.g. Beta, binomial, Poisson, Normal). Either way, that's enough to study moments.

I don't think there's anything you can do only with the MGF, but you use what's easiest for the task at hand. Here's one for you: what's the easiest way to compute the moments of a Poisson distribution? I'd argue it's to use a different technique again, the probability-generating function $$G(t)=\mathbb{E}t^X=\exp \lambda (t-1)$$. Then the falling Pochhammer symbol $$(X)_k$$ gives $$\mathbb{E}(X)_k=G^{(k)}(1)=\lambda^k$$. In general it's usually worth using the PGF for discrete distributions, the MGF for continuous distributions that either are bounded or have superexponential decay in the PDF's tails, and the characteristic function when you really need it.

And depending on the question you're asking, you may instead find it prudent to use the cumulant generating function, be it defined as the logarithm of the MGF or CF. For example, I'll leave it as an exercise that the log-MGF definition of cumulants for the maximum of $$n$$ $$\operatorname{Exp}(1)$$ iids gives $$\kappa_m=(m-1)!\sum_{k=1}^n k^{-m}$$, which provides a much easier computation of the mean and variance (respectively $$\kappa_1$$ and $$\kappa_2$$) than if you'd written them in terms of moments.

• I don't understand your remark about "integration on $ic+\mathbb R,$" because afaik the cf is defined as an integral of a complex-valued function on $\mathbb R.$ It doesn't have to be viewed as a contour integral. For those uncomfortable with complex numbers it can viewed as a pair of real integrals anyway. It's unclear how the mgf is "simpler" in any respect. Indeed, the cf is simpler in the sense that one doesn't have to worry about convergence. – whuber Oct 19 '18 at 11:55
• @whuber What i mean is $\int_{\Bbb R}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\exp (-\frac{x^2}{2}+itx)dx=\int_{-it+\Bbb R}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\exp (-\frac{y^2}{2}-\frac{t^2}{2})dt$. – J.G. Oct 19 '18 at 11:58
• I suspected as much. But isn't that just an artifact of how one might choose to evaluate the integral, rather than being any inherent feature of the cf itself? – whuber Oct 19 '18 at 12:01
• @whuber The trouble is a lot of sources pretend the substitution works as straightforwardly as in the MGF case, which it doesn't. – J.G. Oct 19 '18 at 12:03
• Would you mind elaborating a little on why it does not? I see nothing problematic in this particular case; and in general, because the original integral over $\mathbb R$ is convergent, one would not expect any problems with substitutions of this sort. – whuber Oct 19 '18 at 12:06

If your random variable has all of its moments, then the MGF exists, and is generally at least as useful as the characteristic function for proofs.

To answer your question, when the MGF exists, it provides the basis for many extreme-value calculations related to $$X$$. The simplest of which is (for $$t\geq 0$$),

$$P(X>r)=P(e^{tX}>e^{tr})\leq M_X(t)/e^{tr}.$$

Here, the r.h.s. can now be minimized over $$t$$. Strangely, this bound is one of the few simple ways we know of to get estimates on rare events. The general area of this is Large Deviations Theory, where one must do a ton of work to obtain better (tighter) bounds. A common example of this is looking at $$S_n=X_1+\cdots + X_n$$, so that when the MGF of $$X_1$$ exists, then one can show $$P(|S_n-E[X]|>nr)$$ decays exponentially in $$n$$. This is more generally known as Cramer's Theorem.

Here are some compact notes on this.

• Everything in your first paragraph is already mentioned in the question except the last sentence, which I think is false. For example, all moments of the log-normal distribution exist, but its m.g.f. is undefined for any positive real number. The second part of your answer is very useful because it highlights an application of m.g.f.’s that apparently has no characteristic function analog – Artem Mavrin Oct 23 '18 at 0:39