# How does a Decision Tree model choose thresholds in scikit-learn?

I was reading a book on ML and it says

Actually, since the training algorithm used by Scikit-Learn is stochastic you may get very different models even on the same training data (unless you set the random_state hyperparameter)

I wonder if such randomness is due to the way thresholds are chosen in scikit-learn. So the documentation explains how scikit-learn splits a node based on a single feature and a weighted impurity measure. And for now, let's consider each feature before making a split (i.e., set max_features=None) and make sure there is no randomness coming from our choice of features.

My understanding is if we use the same training set, and if we select a finite number of thresholds based on a non-random rule, for example, use midpoints (i.e., $$(x_{(i)}^j + x_{(i+1)}^j) / 2$$, $$x_{(i)}^j$$ is the $$i$$-th smallest value ranked by $$j$$-th component for each training vector $$\mathbf{x}$$) as thresholds. Then it's very likely there's only one global solution $$(j, t_m)$$ for the best split. The randomness only kicks in when there're more than one minima we can use for splitting.

Also, besides random_state being used for selecting features (when max_features!=None) to be considered when looking for the best split, where else is it used?

In random forests, stochasticity is mainly caused by the following two factors:

• For each tree, only a subset of features is selected (randomly), and the decision tree is trained using only those features
• For each tree, a bootstrap sample of the training data set is used, i.e. dataset sampled with replacement. In sklearn, this can be controlled via bootstrap parameter.

In a Decision Tree, we have none of them. There may also be other sources of randomness due to implementation differences. For example, DecisionTree in sklearn uses a splitter argument which is best by default, however it can be set to random. RandomForest uses this class with default attributes, i.e. splitter=best, where the threshold to choose is the arithmetic average of boundary values. There seems to be no random-rule here.

For Decision Tree, (and therefore Random Forest), the following explanation is given in the documentation (which you've also found in the RF's explanation page):

The features are always randomly permuted at each split. Therefore, the best found split may vary, even with the same training data and max_features=n_features, if the improvement of the criterion is identical for several splits enumerated during the search of the best split. To obtain a deterministic behaviour during fitting, random_state has to be fixed.

This means, if max_features=None, splitter = 'best', it's less likely to be random, yes; but, since the features are randomly shuffled at each node, if two of them gives the same gain, we end up with different trees at different runs. Note that, this property is implementation specific.

• My original question is actually about the decision tree (not the random forest). So if I set max_features=None, splitter=best for a decision tree in sklearn, it's less likely to be random (unless multiple best splits exist), right? – Nicholas Jul 1 at 16:23
• I dug in the document a bit on random forest and found this The features are always randomly permuted at each split. Therefore, the best found split may vary, even with the same training data, max_features=n_features and bootstrap=False, if the improvement of the criterion is identical for several splits enumerated during the search of the best split. To obtain a deterministic behaviour during fitting, random_state has to be fixed. – Nicholas Jul 1 at 16:28
• I feel like it basically means if we set max_features=n_features, bootstrap=False, random_state=constant, then a random forest is not longer random. But why there is no splitter argument for RandomForestClassifier, does it always use splitter=best for the trees it uses? – Nicholas Jul 1 at 16:28
• I've edited my answer to address your first and second comments. The random-forest tag in the question affected my interpretation of the question statement. For the randomness of an algorithm, it'll be quite subjective, but here it is: Disabling feature and sample selection in RFs would have made it deterministic; however, the shuffling in scikit-learn, even if it is predictable via random_state parameter, is still a stochastic procedure. We just feed the random numbers that we know. This doesn't make it deterministic since we still rely on random nums;it makes the procedure reproducible. – gunes Jul 1 at 18:02
• And, I think it's just an implementation decision to put the splitter argument in RF class; because using random DTs is specific to the library. – gunes Jul 1 at 18:04