How are missing data handled in Time series estimation?

Question

I am looking for most popular/theoretically sound methods for handling missing data in time series model (particularly ARMA class) estimation. Also what method is used in R (in arima and in forecast package)

My concern is that if there is enough data missing, the sample autocorrelation at longer lags may not be available and may influence model selection (in auto.arima). How is this handled?

Answer 1

ARIMA models in R are handled in a state space framework. See the help file for stats::arima which includes the following section:

Fitting methods

The exact likelihood is computed via a state-space representation of the ARIMA process, and the innovations and their variance found by a Kalman filter. The initialization of the differenced ARMA process uses stationarity and is based on Gardner et al (1980). For a differenced process the non-stationary components are given a diffuse prior (controlled by kappa). Observations which are still controlled by the diffuse prior (determined by having a Kalman gain of at least 1e4) are excluded from the likelihood calculations. (This gives comparable results to arima0 in the absence of missing values, when the observations excluded are precisely those dropped by the differencing.)

Missing values are allowed, and are handled exactly in method "ML".

The Kalman filter allows for the likelihood to be computed exactly when missing values are present.

Model selection via forecast::auto.arima does not use sample autocorrelations. It uses Akaike's Information Criterion which is based on the likelihood, so there is no problem in computing it when there are missing values present.

Answer 2

I have been working on Time Series data since past few weeks, my suggestions to your problem would be trying with basic operations like forward fill, backward fill and interpolation,

Examples

The other way would be using a R package called tsclean()

Read the Documentation here

Here is an example

Hope this helps!