# Correct test for measuring a difference in Gender and Performance

I'm often sharing data around performance and typically cut the data by gender to show differences around male vs female. So for example, I'll say 19% of males (which represents 550 out of 2800 total males) received an exceeds rating, while only 12% of females (which represents 300 out of 2500 total females) received an exceeds rating. I'm always asked "Is that difference significant?"

Which test would be preferred for measuring if the difference between males and females is significant? The available performance ratings are below, meets or exceeds, and gender is only male or female.

A proportion test! Here is the result for your data

> dt=matrix(c(550,2800-550,300,2500-300),nrow=2,byrow=T)
> prop.test(dt)

2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction

data:  dt
X-squared = 56.727, df = 1, p-value = 5.006e-14
alternative hypothesis: two.sided
95 percent confidence interval:
0.05658676 0.09627038
sample estimates:
prop 1    prop 2
0.1964286 0.1200000

• Awesome I thought about this too. What about the normality assumptions? How strict is it for this test. I’ve also heard about permutation testing as well. Thoughts? Aug 22 '19 at 14:22
• This should be the same as a chi-square test of association. chisq.test(dt)... The chi-square approach may be better suited to examine the three categories simultaneously (that is, with a table with 3 columns and 2 rows). But then you get into the question of how to conduct a post-hoc investigation to see which categories among the three are different.... Aug 22 '19 at 15:16
• yeah i thought of chi.sq but then i realized it would only tell me if the distributions are different, and not where the difference lies, which is the crucial piece. Aug 22 '19 at 15:25
• Well, there're several ways to assess "where the differences lie" after a chi-square test. For example, you can look at standardized residuals or confidence intervals... For your purposes, three separate 2 x 2 analyses may be just as good (and easier to present)... It may be desirable to present your analyses as 2 x 2 chi-square tests of association, simply because your audience may be familiar with that, but you may be asked to explain what a "proportion test" is. Aug 22 '19 at 16:56