Hidden markov model estimate p(x | y1, y2, y3, ...) I have this hidden markov model/network with four unknown variables $y_{1:4}$ with the discrete domain $(0,1)$ and four known observations $y^{obs}_{1:4}$ and a potential function $\phi(x_i,x_j)$.
$$
\phi(x_i,x_j)=
\begin{cases}
    5,& \text{if } x_i=x_j\\
    2,              & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}
$$
Here's a visualization of the network

At last I have this statistical information
$$p(y^{obs}_i = 1 | y_i = 1) = 0.95$$
$$p(y^{obs}_i = 0 | y_i = 0) = 0.99$$
I now need to compute $p(y_1 = 1 | y^{obs}_1=1,y^{obs}_2=0,y^{obs}_3=0,y^{obs}_4=0$). I however have not a single clue on how to do this. I'm completely new to HMM's and online formula's don't even come close this this sort of problem.
I've also tried calculating stuff with a $\frac{1}{Z}\widetilde{P}(X,Y)$ function stuff but I really don't understand any of it.
 A: The answer :
\begin{align}
p(y_1=1|y_1^o = 1, y_{-1}^o = \mathbf{0} ) = \frac{ p(y_1^o=1|y_1=1) \cdot
 \sum_{y_2=0}^1 \sum_{y_3=0}^1 \sum_{y_4=0}^1 \prod_{i=2}^4 p(y_i^o=0|y_i)  \phi_{1,y_2} \phi_{y_2,y_3} \phi_{y_3,y_4} \phi_{1,y_4}}{
 \sum_{y_1=0}^1 \sum_{y_2=0}^1 \sum_{y_3=0}^1 \sum_{y_4=0}^1 p(y_1^o=1|y_i) \prod_{i=1}^4 p(y_i^o=0|y_i) \phi_{y_1,y_2} \phi_{y_2,y_3} \phi_{y_3,y_4} \phi_{y_1,y_4}
}
\end{align}
Derivation: 
Let $y^o = \{y_1^o,y_2^o,y_3^o,y_4^o\}$ and $y = \{y_1,y_2,y_3,y_4\}$. According to the Bayes law
\begin{equation}
p(y|y^o) = \frac{p(y^o|y)p(y)}{p(y^o)}
\end{equation}
And the value we are looking for may be obtained from the function
\begin{equation}
p(y_1|y^o) = \int_{y_2,y_3,y_4} \frac{p(y^o|y)p(y)}{p(y^o)} d y_1 d y_2 d y_3. \quad (M)
\end{equation}
Now, in the Markov random fields model the joint probability of the state of the system $y$ is given by the product of potential functions of all maximal cliques (a clique is a subgraph of our graph, such that every node of this subgraph is connected directly to all other nodes of this subgraph). We have exactly 4 maximal cliques in our Markov model:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{C} = \left\{\{y_1, y_2\}, \{y_2, y_3\}, \{y_3, y_4\}, \{y_4, y_1\}\right\}
\end{equation}
The joint probability of the Markov model is then
\begin{equation}
p(y) = \frac{1}{Z} \prod_{\{y_i,y_j\} \in \mathcal C } \phi(y_i,y_j),
\end{equation}
where $Z$ is a constant such that $p(y)$ sums up (across all possible values of vector $y$) to 1.
Probability of the vector of observations $y^o$ conditional of the state $y$ is
\begin{equation}
p(y^o|y) = \prod_{i=1}^4 p(y_i^o|y_i)
\end{equation}
and the unconditional probability of observations (that is the denominator) is the sum of that over all possible realisations of the state vector $y$ ($\{0,0,0,0\}, \{0,0,0,1\}, ..., \{1,1,1,1\}$) weighted by the probailities of these realisations:
\begin{align}
p(y^o) & = \sum_{y_1=0}^1 \sum_{y_2=0}^1 \sum_{y_3=0}^1 \sum_{y_4=0}^1\prod_{i=1}^4 p(y_i^o|y_i) p(y) = \\
& = \sum_{y_1=0}^1 \sum_{y_2=0}^1 \sum_{y_3=0}^1 \sum_{y_4=0}^1\prod_{i=1}^4 p(y_i^o|y_i) \frac{1}{Z} \prod_{\{y_i,y_j\} \in \mathcal C } \phi(y_i,y_j).
\end{align}
Once we substitute $y_1^o = 1, y_i^o=0 \forall i>1$ in the expression above we get the denominator of (M). The numerator is composed from the elements mentioned above:
\begin{equation}
p(y_1^o=1|y_1=1) \cdot \sum_{y_2=0}^1 \sum_{y_3=0}^1 \sum_{y_4=0}^1\prod_{i=2}^4 p(y_i^o=0|y_i) \frac{1}{Z} \phi(1,y_2) \phi(y_2,y_3) \phi(y_3,y_4) \phi(1,y_4).
\end{equation}
Put together these pieces give you the formula in the beginning.
I guess there's still some effort needed to wrap one's mind around all of it. All the best!
