# Why does an ANOVA design matrix with a fictitious 0 observation allow for ANOVA with mean plus contrasts to be estimated?

I was reading Functional Data Analysis with R and MATLAB (Ramsay et. al., 2009) and they presented the following (functional) ANOVA model (but I'm ignoring the functional aspect; it doesn't appear necessary in general):

$$X_{nj} = \mu + \sum_{j^{*} = 1}^J \mu_{j^{*}} \mathbb{I}_{\{j^{*} = j\}}(j) + \epsilon_{nj}$$

(where $$\mathbb{I}$$ is the indicator function and there are $$J$$ populations). We add the constraint $$\sum_{j = 1}^J \mu_j = 0$$. According to Ramsay et. al., this model can be estimated if we add a fictitious 0 observation to our sample. Then they create a design matrix with the following properties:

1. One column consists of 1's except for the final entry corresponding to the zero entry, which is zero (I interpret this as the "intercept" column).
2. For the remaining $$J$$ columns of the design matrix, the $$j^{\text{th}}$$ column's row is 1 if the observation is a member of the $$j^{\text{th}}$$ population; otherwise, it's zero. However, for the zero observation, each of these columns' entries are 1. (I interpret these as population membership columns, and apparently the zero observation is a member of all populations.)

Why does this work? I tried examining the design matrix but the linear algebra is rough and trying to just do the linear algebra (finding inverses, matrix multiplication, etc.) does not feel enlightening.

Specifically, I would like to extend this application to, say, a linear regression model with a trend. I would like to estimate the model:

$$X_{tj} = \beta_{0 \bullet} + \beta_{1 \bullet} (t - 1) + \sum_{j^{*}=1}^J \left(\beta_{0 j^{*}} + \beta_{1 j^{*}}(t-1)\right)\mathbb{I}_{\{j^{*} = j\}}(j) + \epsilon_{tj}.$$

($$t$$ should be interpreted to be time since start.) Add the constraints $$\sum_{j =1}^J \beta_{0j} = 0$$ and $$\sum_{j=1}^J \beta_{1j} = 0$$. How would this trick of adding a zero observation extend to this case?

I would absolutely love any references on this topic you can recommend. Thanks.