Covariance of transformed random variables I have two random variables $X > 0$ and $Y > 0$.
Given that I can estimate $$\text{Cov}(X, Y),$$ how can I estimate $$\text{Cov}(\log(X), \log(Y))?$$
 A: Without any additional assumptions on $X$ and $Y$, it is not possible to deduce the covariance of the log knowing the initial covariance.
In the other hand, if you were able to compute $\mathrm{Cov}(X,Y)$ from $X$ and $Y$, what prevents you from calculating $\mathrm{Cov}(\log(X), \log(Y))$ from $\log(X)$ and $\log(Y)$ directly?
A: One could take the approach of Taylor expansion:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_expansions_for_the_moments_of_functions_of_random_variables
Edit:
Take $U=\log(X)$, $V=\log(Y)$. 
Use multivariate Taylor expansion to compute an approximation to $\rm{E}(UV)$ (in similar fashion to the example at the end of "First Moment" in the link which does the simpler case of $\rm{E}(X.1/Y))$, and use univariate expansions to compute approximations to $\rm{E}(U)$ and $\rm{E}(V)$ (as given in the first part of the same section) to similar accuracy. From those things, compute the (approximated) covariance.
Expanding out to similar degree of approximation as the example in the link, I think you end up with terms in the mean and variance of each (untransformed) variable, and their covariance.
Edit 2:
But here's a little trick that may save some effort:
Note that $\rm{E}(XY) = \rm{Cov}(X,Y) + \rm{E}(X)\rm{E}(Y)$ and $X=\exp(U)$ and $Y=\exp(V)$. 
Given
$$
\operatorname{E}\left[f(X)\right]\approx f(\mu_X) +\frac{f''(\mu_X)}{2}\sigma_X^2
$$
we have
$$
\operatorname{E}(\exp(U)) \approx \exp(\mu_U) + \frac{\exp(\mu_U)}{2}\sigma_U^2 \approx \exp(\mu_U+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_U^2)
$$
Edit: That last step follows from Taylor approximation $\exp(b) \approx 1 + b$, which is good for small $b$ (taking $b =\frac{1}{2}\sigma_U^2$).
(that approximation is exact for $U$, $V$ normal: $\operatorname{E}(\exp(U))=\exp(\mu_U+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_U^2)$)
Let $W = U + V$
$$
\operatorname{E}(XY) = \operatorname{E}(\exp(U).\exp(V)) = \operatorname{E}(\exp(W)) 
$$
$$
\approx \exp(\mu_{W}) + \frac{exp(\mu_{W})}{2}\sigma_W^2 \approx \exp(\mu_W+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_W^2)
$$
and given $\operatorname{Var}(W) = \operatorname{Var}(U) + \operatorname{Var}(V) + 2 \operatorname{Cov}(U,V)$, then 
(Edit:)
$$
1+\frac{\operatorname{Cov}(X,Y)}{\operatorname{E}(X)\operatorname{E}(Y)} = \frac{\operatorname{E}(XY)}{\operatorname{E}(X)\operatorname{E}(Y)} 
$$
$$
\approx \frac{\exp(\mu_W+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_W^2)}{\exp(\mu_U+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_U^2).\exp(\mu_V+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_V^2)} 
$$
$$
\approx \frac{\exp(\mu_U+\mu_V+\frac{1}{2}(\sigma_U^2+\sigma_V^2+2 \operatorname{Cov}(U,V)))}{\exp(\mu_U+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_U^2).\exp(\mu_V+\frac{1}{2}\sigma_V^2)} 
$$
$$
\approx \exp[\operatorname{Cov}(U,V)]
$$
Hence $\operatorname{Cov}(U,V)\approx \log(1+\frac{\operatorname{Cov}(X,Y)}{\operatorname{E}(X)\operatorname{E}(Y)})$. This should be exact for $U,V$ bivariate gaussian. 
If you used the first approximation rather than the second, you would get a different approximation here.
