Can I simply remove one of two predictor variables that are highly linearly correlated? Using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, I have several variables that are highly correlated ($\rho = 0.978$ and $\rho = 0.989$ for 2 pairs of variables that are in my model).
The reason some of the variables are highly correlated is because one variable is used in the calculation for another variable.
Example:
$B = V / 3000$ and
$E = V * D$
$B$ and $E$ have $\rho = 0.989$
Is it possible for me to just "throw away" one of the variables?
 A: B is a linear transform of V. E represents an interaction between V and D.  Have you considered specifying a model that is Y = Intercept + V + D + V:D?  As @euphoria83 suggests, it seems likely that there is little variation in D, so it may not solve your problem; however it should at least make the independent contributions of V and D clear.  Be sure to center both V and D beforehand.
A: Here is an answer from the point of view of a machine learner, although I am afraid that I'll be beaten by real statisticians for it.
Is it possible for me to just "throw away" one of the variables?
Well, the question is what type of model you want to use for prediction. It depends e.g. on ...


*

*can the model with correlated predictors ? E.g. although NaiveBayes theoretically has problems with correlated variables, experiments have shown that it still can perform well.

*how does the model process the predictor variables ? E.g. the difference between B and V will be normalized out in a probability density estimation, maybe the same for E and V depending on the variance of D (as euphoria already said)

*which usage combination of B and E (one, none, both) delivers the best result, estimated by a mindful crossvalidation + a test on a holdout set ?


Sometimes we machine learners even perform genetic optimization to find the best arithmetic combination of a set of predictors. 
A: Both B and E are derived from V.  B and E are clearly not truly "independent" variables from each other.  The underlying variable that really matters here is V.  You should probably disgard both B and E in this case and keep V only.  
In a more general situation, when you have two independent variables that are very highly correlated, you definitely should remove one of them because you run into the multicollinearity conundrum and your regression model's regression coefficients related to the two highly correlated variables will be unreliable.  Also, in plain English if two variables are so highly correlated they will obviously impart nearly exactly the same information to your regression model.  But, by including both you are actually weakening the model.  You are not adding incremental information.  Instead, you are infusing your model with noise.  Not a good thing. 
One way you could keep highly correlated variables within your model is to use instead of regression a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model.  PCA models are made to get rid off multicollinearity.  The trade off is that you end up with two or three principal components within your model that are often just mathematical constructs and are pretty much incomprehensible in logical terms.  PCA is therefore frequently abandoned as a method whenever you have to present your results to an outside audience such as management, regulators, etc...  PCA models create cryptic black boxes that are very challenging to explain.       
A: If D is not a constant, then B and E are effectively two different variables because of the variations in D. The high correlation indicates that D is practically constant throughout the training data. If that is the case, then you can discard either B or E.
