testing whether a sample of the population has a different mean than the population mean

I have a short question regarding testing whether multiple subsample means are different from the population mean. To be specific, I have the full population of the energy consumption per square meters of $$N$$ houses where $$N = N_1 + N_2 + N_3 + N_4 + N_5$$. The categories $$1,\dots,5$$ denote the house category independent of insulation properties of the houses. The general question I am interested is: does the mean energy consumption in any category differ to the full population mean energy consumption?

I know from this previous question that usually the way to test whether the mean of a subsample (in my case a category) is different to the full sample mean, is to substract the subsample data points from the full sample and conduct a t-test.

As far as I understand it, this procedure is generalizeable...i.e. if I want to test the difference in means of say $$N_x$$ to $$N$$ where $$x \in \{1,\dots,5\}$$, and $$x$$ denotes a category, I just take $$\{N\} - \{N_x\}$$ and conduct the t-test.

So far so good, the points I am interested in are:

1. whether it makes a difference to have the full population instead of a sample?
2. Is the explained procedure appropriate/the right one to compare category means to the full population mean?
3. The data in the respective categories comes from the population distribution, so when performing the t.test in R I would use var.equal = TRUE as an additional argument?
4. Regarding the normality assumption: do I need to test whether the distribution of every category $$x \in \{1,\dots,5\}$$ and $$\{N\} - \{N_x\}$$, which denotes the set difference of the population and the category, is significantly different to a normal distribution?

Thank you.

If anything is unclear please let me know and I try to edit the question to clarify.

• I probably miss your point... but if you know the full population and how it is divided in each category, then you do not need to make any inference. You know the true population parameters and just need to analyse them. So it seems to me that you need more descriptive statistics than inferential statistics. Sep 2 at 6:54
• I know what you mean and had exactly the same thought. However, 2 points are still unclear if I use descriptive statistics: 1) Do I just compare category mean and full population mean or do I need to compare, as written in my answer, category mean and $\{N\}-\{X\}$ mean to check for differences? 2) Is there any measure of "significance" "how different" the category means and the full population mean is? Sep 3 at 18:14
• When you have the "full" population, you have many tools to analyze your data. Comparing means is not always the best (or unique) approach. Have you tried to represent your "categories" graphically (boxplots, histograms, scatter plots). Is your data spread, skewed? are there outliers? Using boxplot to illustrate the 5 groups side to side for instance is really powerful. Sep 3 at 21:36
• Yes, I have done that already. But the question of interest is whether the mean energy consumption in any category differ to the full population mean energy consumption? I am currently stuck how to answer this question... Sep 6 at 18:31

If the mean consumption for the whole population is $$70$$ and the mean consumption for some subpopulation is $$70$$, then they are the same. If that subpopulation has a mean other than $$70$$, then they are different.