Some popular sets of statistics to summarise a distribution are
Mean, variance (or standard deviation), skewness, kurtosis (these are potentially affected by outliers though).
The boxplot set of statistics, namely the two "hinges", the "whisker extremes", and the median. The "hinges" are essentially the first and third quartile (the median being the second), the "whisker extremes" are the smallest and biggest non-outlying observation according to an outlier identification rule based on the pretty robust interquartile range statistic (basically upper minus lower hinge, indicating variation in the central part of the data). These are given out by R's boxplot function. One may add something to summarise the outliers, like number or proportion of outliers, maybe differentiating between upper and lower outliers.
Connected to the boxplot, Tukey suggested as a five number summary (R function fivenum) minimum, lower hinge, median, upper hinge, maximum. It depends on the situation whether minimum and maximum are more relevant than the whiskers mentioned above; obviously one could give all these statistics but of course there is something to be said for constraining oneself to as few numbers as possible for efficient communication.
Note that distributions can have so flexible shapes that it is impossible to give a "complete" characterisation by few numbers. Particularly multimodality may be of interest on top of what the statistics listed above indicate, but multimodality is a can of worms that you may not want to open. Just to give an impression why, real data are not continuous, and therefore modes of an empirically discrete distribution of potentially continuous data are not even well defined, and the number (and location) of modes in a density estimator depends on (difficult) user tuning. Furthermore any number of modes may be of interest, so if you want to indicate where the modes are, there is no bound on the number of statistics you will need. For such reasons, even "the mode" (global max of the density ignoring potential further local modes) is troublesome as a statistic, as long as you're not dealing with, say, natural numbers only.
I should add that generally outlier identification also depends on user tuning; the way boxplots do it is fairly well established, but there are alternatives, so when using statistics regarding boxplot outliers, these should be called something like "boxplot outliers" rather than suggesting that what the boxplot indicates are always real, objective, and meaningful outliers.
