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I have many kmers counts from different prokaryotes, and I use a high markov order to obtain the expected counts to compare with the observed counts. And for look for over/under represented kmers counts I use z-scores. From z-scores I calculate my p-values and then e-values. So Iuse threshold e-value = 0.001 to select the extremes words/kmers.

However I got some 0.0 p-values/e-values for very extreme z-scores, due underflow.

Can I use a p-values that do not cause underflow to avoid the 0 values? For example, 1.0e-323 (the one that do not give 0 in my machine) when the p-value is zero? like: if p-val == 0, then 1.0e-323 else the p-val non zero? I use this function to calculate my p-values:

pval <- function(kmer_list, kmer_data){
    n <- nrow(kmer_data)
    for(i in 1:n){
        zsc <- kmer_data[which(kmer_data$kmer == kmer_list[i]), 
                 "Zscore"]
        pval <- pnorm(-abs(zsc)) * 2
        **# maybe the if statement as above?**
        kmer_data[i, "Pval"] <- pval
  }
    return(kmer_data)
}

This solution is a valid statistical approach? Or I don't care and keep the zero p-values and zero e-values anyway?

I really appreciate any input.

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    $\begingroup$ Typically if a p-value is smaller than some value, we report it as e.g. p < 0.001 or p < 0.0001. If it's important to report smaller p-values, I suppose you could report e.g. p < 1e-299. $\endgroup$ Commented Oct 31, 2022 at 19:19
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    $\begingroup$ If you are having issues with accuracy of floating-point numbers, a common approach is to switch to the log-scale. Conveniently, the pnorm function has a log.p argument. $\endgroup$
    – Roland
    Commented Nov 1, 2022 at 7:08
  • $\begingroup$ @Roland I will check it out. Thank you $\endgroup$ Commented Nov 1, 2022 at 14:12

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