Mixed effects model or mixed design ANOVA in R I'm wondering if you could quickly advise on the best statistical analysis for my data.
I have a designed experiment with 12 plots within one larger area.  This area was blocked into 6 to overcome issues of natural gradients present there, so there are 2 plots in each block.
Treatment 1 is a two level treatment split between these 12 plots i.e. 1 plot in every block receives one level of the treatment ("High") and the other receives another level ("Low").  Nested within this, each plot is split into two (24 subplots), and given a second two level Treatment 2 (levels "A" and "B").  Every single plot receiving Treatment 1 has a Treatment Two Subplot receiving level "A", and a subplot receiving level "B".
As such, I have a two-way factorial design, with 4 types of treatment combination: High/A, High/B, Low/A and Low/B.
This experiment was run for three years, and species richness measured as a response (a simple count of the number of species present in each Treatment 2 subplot) each year.
I am interested to see what the effects of the two levels of Treatment Two are on Richness change with time, in the context of the level of Treatment 1 received.
I am not sure if I need:


*

*A two-way mixed ANOVA, with within subjects effects (Year?) and between subjects effects (Treatment 1 and Treatment 2?)

*A mixed effect model,  with Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 as fixed effects, and Year and Plot as random effects.  (Is Year a random effect?  I am unsure...).  Should subplot also be a random effect here?

*A mixed effect model with a time series.  

*I am also unsure as to what to do with block.  Block doesn't have levels of treatment, it was just an attempt to reduce the incidence of similarity between plots as a result of the natural gradients in the study area...

*In addition, because the richness data is a count of species, i'm not sure if this affects my choice of analysis...


If you have any thoughts on any of these points, I would be glad to hear them.
 A: So I've done a lot of reading and chatting to people and I have a solution.  
My experimental design is a split plot design, which is quite different from a nested or hierarchical design.  I was originally confusing the terms.  As Robert correctly states in his answer, what is needed is a mixed effects model.  Thus:
Fixed effects: Year, Treatment1, Treatment2
Random effects: Year, Block, Treatment1
The model is specified thus:
mod<- lmer(Richness~Treatment1*Treatment2*Year+(1|Block/Treatment1)+(1|Year),data=dat,poisson)

The fixed effects are the terms specified in the brackets.  Since none of these are continuous (the effect of Year doesn't necessarily increase each year in a linear fashion so I have classed it as a categorical fixed effect), they are specified 1|fixed effect, where 1 represents the intercept.  
If Block were actually a continuous fixed effect (obviously hypothetical!) then the fixed effects might be specified +(Block|Treatment1)+(1|Year).
The model can then be simplified as appropriate.
Several things to note:
1) When specified as a random effect, Year is listed separately from Block and Treatment1, since it doesn't have an intuitive "level" at which to be nested between them (Year isn't any different at any plot size of the experiment: for every block, plot and subplot Year is the same.
2) Treatment 2 does not need to be specified as a random effect since it represents the highest level of replication in the experiment and therefore will not be psuedoreplicated
3) In mixed effects models it is possible to specify an error distribution if errors are not normal.  I have specified poisson here, since my response data are counts - this improved the distribution of the model residuals.
A: My suggestion is to use a mixed effects model with


*

*Treatment 1 and 2 as factors (fixed effects)

*Year as an interval-scaled factor

*Block as a random factor



Q: Should year be treated as a random effect?
A: Depends on what you expect based on your theory. I suppose the number of species might increase over time, and this increase might be linear. Then you should use year as a factor. However, if there is reason to assume that, say, in year one there is little increase, in year two a great increase, and again little increase in year three, you might consider using year as a fixed factor.

Q: How should 'block' be treated?
A: My understanding is that environmental conditions differ between blocks, but not between plots in the same block. Then I would suggest adding blockas a random factor.
Does that help in answering your questions?
