How do I find the probability of a type II error? I know that a Type II error is where H1 is true, but H0 is not rejected. 
Question
How do I calculate the probability of a Type II error involving a normal distribution, where the standard deviation is known?
 A: In addition to specifying $\alpha$ (probability of a type I error), you need a fully specified hypothesis pair, i.e., $\mu_{0}$, $\mu_{1}$ and $\sigma$ need to be known. $\beta$ (probability of type II error) is $1 - \textrm{power}$. I assume a one-sided $H_{1}: \mu_{1} > \mu_{0}$. In R:
> sigma <- 15    # theoretical standard deviation
> mu0   <- 100   # expected value under H0
> mu1   <- 130   # expected value under H1
> alpha <- 0.05  # probability of type I error

# critical value for a level alpha test
> crit <- qnorm(1-alpha, mu0, sigma)

# power: probability for values > critical value under H1
> (pow <- pnorm(crit, mu1, sigma, lower.tail=FALSE))
[1] 0.63876

# probability for type II error: 1 - power
> (beta <- 1-pow)
[1] 0.36124

Edit: visualization

xLims <- c(50, 180)
left  <- seq(xLims[1],   crit, length.out=100)
right <- seq(crit, xLims[2],   length.out=100)
yH0r  <- dnorm(right, mu0, sigma)
yH1l  <- dnorm(left,  mu1, sigma)
yH1r  <- dnorm(right, mu1, sigma)

curve(dnorm(x, mu0, sigma), xlim=xLims, lwd=2, col="red", xlab="x", ylab="density",
      main="Normal distribution under H0 and H1", ylim=c(0, 0.03), xaxs="i")
curve(dnorm(x, mu1, sigma), lwd=2, col="blue", add=TRUE)
polygon(c(right, rev(right)), c(yH0r, numeric(length(right))), border=NA,
        col=rgb(1, 0.3, 0.3, 0.6))
polygon(c(left,  rev(left)),  c(yH1l, numeric(length(left))),  border=NA,
        col=rgb(0.3, 0.3, 1, 0.6))
polygon(c(right, rev(right)), c(yH1r, numeric(length(right))), border=NA,
        density=5, lty=2, lwd=2, angle=45, col="darkgray")
abline(v=crit, lty=1, lwd=3, col="red")
text(crit+1,  0.03,  adj=0, label="critical value")
text(mu0-10,  0.025, adj=1, label="distribution under H0")
text(mu1+10,  0.025, adj=0, label="distribution under H1")
text(crit+8,  0.01,  adj=0, label="power", cex=1.3)
text(crit-12, 0.004,  expression(beta),  cex=1.3)
text(crit+5,  0.0015, expression(alpha), cex=1.3)

A: To supplement caracal's answer, if you are looking for a user-friendly GUI option for calculating Type II error rates or power for many common designs including the ones implied by your question, you may wish to check out the free software, G Power 3.
