Questions tagged [continuous-data]
A random variable $X$ is called continuous if its set of possible values is uncountable, and the chance that it takes any particular value is zero ($\text{P}(X = x) = 0$ for every real number $x$). A random variable is continuous if and only if its cumulative probability distribution function is a continuous function.
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Challenges with achieving linearity in multiple linear regression analysis
What steps can I take to correct for linearity assumptions in a multiple linear regression analysis conducted in Python on a dataset with 79 independent features, including 22 continuous, 28 nominal, ...
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Analyses of continuous variable like time to event within clinical setting
My apologies if this has been previously answered.
I am fairly new to statistics of clinical trials and I want to know how the expert statisticians handle continuous variables like "time to event&...
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Non repeated paired observations along a continuous gradient - what to do?
Dear Cross Validators,
I have a data set of the following structure (don't mind the numbers):
subject_ID
Position_of_the_measure
Environment_condition
Variable_of_interest
1
A
10.3
40
1
B
10.3
36
...
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Non parametric equivalent to a mixed ANOVA?
I have some data from a trial where I have two groups of patients (20 with ongoing disease and 20 without disease).
Both groups have some continuous data at three time points from a subjective outcome ...
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Can I use Kendall's correlation to determine the correlation between continuous and binary variables?
I have a dataset where the first 6 columns correspond to binary entries referring to sick/not sick and 2 additional columns with age and a specific score (dim of the dataset 60x8). I need to generate ...
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How to determine sample size for non-normal distributed data with continuous variables?
TLDR: I need to determine the minimum sample size for measuring the energy consumption of code.
Hello, I'm trying to determine how many samples (N) I need in an experiment to be confident that my ...
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Logistic vs. linear regression for "inherently continous" variable - comparing probability
This is a situation that arises commonly in my area (medicine).
Suppose there is an inherently continuous variable $y$
Suppose there is some normal range for this variable, say 80 - 120
Suppose there ...
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Predicting outcome with ordinally, continuously or linearly related predictor variables
I am attempting to predict the number of chicks that will hatch from a group of eggs stored in a box. My predictor variable is the count of the eggs based on their size, such as "THE NUMBER OF ...
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How to model discretised values of a continuous variable?
I have some measurements--tissue swelling in response to an injury--with limited precision (mm). Thus, although the underlying phenomenon is continuous, my values are discrete. The values range ...
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How to find significance of Eta correlation?
I am running a test of association between a categorical/multinomial variable (example: hair color) and a continuous/nominal variable (example: ratings of happiness 0-100). I believe the correct test ...
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RM ANOVA with a CONTINUOUS between subjects predictor
I'm conducting an experiment where I have 2 IV's on a DV. I used Repeated measures ANOVA on Jamovi to analyze my data but I have a question regarding a continuous between-subjects variable. I measured ...
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Building a mixed-categorical-continuous probability distribution
I have a variable space that consists of some mixed categorical, integer, and real valued variables i.e $X = (x_1, ..., x_n), x_1 \in \mathbb{Z}, x_2 \in \mathbb{R}, x_n \in \{1,2\}$, and a (small) ...
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How can I calculate growth per year when some of the size values equal zero?
I am trying to retrospectively evaluate growth of tumors over the years. I am looking at the tumor's initial presenting characteristics:size, location etc., and then following to see which of the ...
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Do-calculus and causal inference for continuous random variables
Typical treatments of do-calculus and causal inference use discrete random variables. For example, the first rule of do-calculus in Pearl states:
I'm curious about how the do-calculus and causal ...
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ANCOVA with binary covariate
I am looking to run an ANCOVA with continuous outcome variable, looking at the effect of a categorical variable (race/ethnicity) and controlling for a binary covariate (treatment condition, values 0 ...
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How to calculate the sample size for the development of a new clinical test?
How to calculate the appropriate sample size for the development of a new clinical test? The test would either be a quantitative test if the accuracy is good enough (i.e., test would predict a ...
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looking for reference on sensitivity analysis of continuous outcome in causal inference
$Q:$ I knew there are methods for binary outcome variable sensitivity analysis in causal inference. However, I have not found methods for continuous outcome variable sensitivity analysis(SUTVA or ...
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Continuous and discrete input data types for neural network
I have a dataset where the input is comprised from both continuous and discrete variables:
...
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Analyzing/fixing non-normal continuous data using glmmTMB, Gaussian distribution, having significant deviations in residuals?
I am trying to analyze continuous data (individual mass) using a GLMM. I have deduced based on previous work and recommendations to use a Gaussian distribution. However, when I look at my residuals I ...
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Entropy of a Continuous and Uniform Random Variable
The distribution of a uniform r.v. X is given as follows:
The entropy is therefore:
This means that as $∆$ approaches infinity, so does the entropy.
This also means that as $∆$ approaches 0, the ...
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Boxplots: valid method for visualizing collinearity?
I recently heard one can detect collinearity between a factor (Species) and a continuous covariate (TL) simply by making a boxplot. If the plots don't overlap, there is evidence of collinearity. I'm ...
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Seemingly contradiction: probability density function and maximum likelihood calculations for continuous random variable
Claim 1: For continuous random variable, $P(X=x)=0$, where $x$ is a particular number.
Claim 2: When we use maximum likelihood estimation, we plug-in mean, standard deviation and data point $x$ into ...
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Determining correlation between continuous and binary (yes or no) data?
I am working with data from a survey with a sample size of 25, although not every question has 25 responses. We are looking at data from farmers. We are assuming that the data is normal, since we are ...
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Factor analysis (or similar) for data set with both continuous and dichotomous variables (+control for age?)
As you can tell from the title I'm in a bit of a fix. I have a data set with three continuous variables and one dichotomous one. Data collected from four groups. The data set is a developmental ...
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Tests involving three factors (continuous, continuous and ordinal) to determine correlations and means
I have a large population with three variables:
a psychometric test score, continuous
a class assignment percentage, continuous
a self-reported measure of prior experience, ordinal with 4 degrees of ...
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Test for Time and continuous variable
I think this is a really basic question but would appreciate some help. I have a set of data week-by-week, with a continuous variable - the numbers of times a keyword was mentioned in the media each ...
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Are random variables mathematical functions when dealing with continuous sample spaces?
I'm struggling with some basic concepts regarding the definitions of random variables.
If I'm not mistaken, random variables are functions which aim to "translate" outcomes of a sample space ...
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Scaling the same continuous feature both in train and test
I'm building a classification model to predict some target variable.
I have only one continuous feature (age) that I am interested in scaling. I split my data into train and test sets, I scale this ...
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How to convert continuous into categorical such that class imbalance algorithms work smoothly
I was trying to use : (for addressing class imbalance in classification problems)
https://imbalanced-learn.org/dev/references/generated/imblearn.combine.SMOTETomek.html#imblearn.combine.SMOTETomek....
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Control function interact treatment with residual
I am going through an old metrics tutorial using instrumental variables regression. In one question we are supposed to estimate the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) using a control function approach. We ...
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How to best categorize a continuous variable that has many observations with the same value?
I have an air pollution variable (PM2.5 measurements) for a dataset of 9,506 participants based on geographical location. Because many of the participants live in the same general area, there is a ...
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How to check statistical correlation an ordinal variable against a continuous one [duplicate]
I've been trying to run some stats to check for correlation between an ordinal categories (such as body conditions classes) and a continuous variable (such as body measurements in cm). I'm really ...
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Testing Relationships surrounding Social Media Engagement
I'm sure I have a very easy question I'm trying to answer, but as a qualitative researcher who has found themselves trying to help an undergraduate on a quantitative project, I need some help. I'm ...
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Fitting a regression model with both binary and continuous responses
It is well known that Probit regression can be formulated as transformed linear model in the following sense: Suppose that $Z = X\beta + \epsilon$ for some normally distributed $\epsilon$ and let $Y = ...
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How to log transform a small percentage value?
My independent variable is interest rate, which is small positive variable(less than 1). When I log transform the values, they turn negative because the values are smaller than 1. What is the solution?...
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Is it acceptable to create a dummy variable out of a quantitative variable?
I have a variable that takes the value of 5% or 10% throughout the data set. Is it okay to transform this variable into a dummy variable such that 10% (high) = 1 and 5% (low) = 0.
I am running a ...
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Why is the probability of a set of outcomes possibly non-zero if each outcome's probability is zero in continuous probability? [duplicate]
In continuous probability, $\text{Pr}(X=x) = 0$ for all $x$. However, $\text{Pr}(a \leqslant X \leqslant b) >= 0$ given $b > a$. The $>$ is key here: each individual outcome has zero ...
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Problem with probabilities of functions of continuous random vector
I have problems with a true or false exercise: if the joint pdf of the continuous random vector $(X,Y)$ is
$$f(x,y)=
\begin{cases}2x,& 0 \le x \le 1, 0 \le y \le 1,\\
0,& \text{otherwise}
\end{...
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Combing two items related to diet from a Likert scale into a new variable
Hi everybody,
I have a question related to some analysis I need to do for a paper. For my dependent variable, I want to measure fruit and vegetable consumption. In the questionnaire that I use fruit ...
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Function that receive two variables and decides which statistical analysis should be done
I am trying to create a function that receives two variables (dependent and independent) and figures out according to their class (numeric / factor) and number of groups, which statistical test should ...
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Partial correlation with two metric variables and one nominal variable
I want to compute the Pearson correlation coefficient between two metric variables: (1) mean of an audio feature of persons and (2) their psychopathology measured on a Likert scale. There is a third ...
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R: Multiple regression continuous independent variable interpretation [closed]
I have mental health score as my dependent variable, the relationship with people as one of my independent variables, which has 7 scores representing the mood from the most happy to the most bad. ...
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ANCOVA with all continuous variables
I have the following variables:
Psychological trait data collected at pre- and post-intervention
Fitness data (e.g., weight in kg), collected at pre- and post-intervention
I am interested in seeing ...
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Is Alcohol consumption in units discrete or continuous?
Hi I’m really struggling to decide whether or not alcohol consumption in units is discrete or continuous data.
Would really appreciate any help thankyou.
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Which non-parametric two-sample SciPy test to use for my data?
I have three datasets. They contain the angles between a set of vectors (V1) and three other sets of vectors (V2,V3,V5). The datasets should all be continuous and non-parametric, I don't expect a ...
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How can I examine the change in repeated measures scores relative to a one-time clinical questionnaire?
I am using experience sampling methodology (ESM) to collect mood data at multiple point throughout the day for 7 days. At the beginning of the 7 days I also collect depression scores.
How can I ...
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Discrete Sampling of Continuous Distribution (with Option to Make It Continuous)
Background: I am attempting to test whether the (mean of) the minimum of a stochastically convex function is above or below zero. The function $f$'s input is a scalar value $x$ and some miscellaneous ...
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interaction and dummy term interpretation WITH partial derivatives using inflection point
I have the following model for returns as a function of firm_profitability, sentiment, and ...
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Comparing the additive vs separate effects of two predictors in logistic regression
Apologies if this question is a duplicate, but I couldn't find the answer to my question by looking at existing questions.
I have a sample of individuals for which I have case/control status, two ...
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Can you create continuous data from discrete data?
I am trying to understand the difference between discrete data and continuous data in a real world application.
My example is this:
Once a day I do pushups until my body is tired. I am counting how ...
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