Questions tagged [contrasts]
In linear models and particularly in ANOVA, a contrast is a linear combination of parameters with coefficients summing up to zero. It is used to test the corresponding null hypothesis. Contrasts are especially often used with categorical predictors (factors) to make comparisons among the groups (categories). [See also tag 'categorical-encoding']
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Test for interaction effect when contrasting specific timepoints in mixed-model
I'm having a mixed model (lmer in R) with 5 repeated measurements (time is categorical), and 6 groups, and several covariates.
I'm mainly interested in seeing whether there is a significant difference ...
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1
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What is the scaling applied to Helmert contrasts in emmeans?
I'm trying to understand why the values under 'estimate' from an emmeans contrast function differ from those of the default 'Estimate' values from, say, 'summary.lm()' in R. As an example, let's use ...
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Effect size calculation on a MANOVA with contrasts
I would like to conduct a repeated samples (patient) ANOVA (with Factor X with 3 levels A, B, C) with the planned contrasts (A+B)-C (i.e 1 1 -2) and (A+C)-B (i.e 1 -2 1) as well as calculate the ...
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How are simple effects calculated in JASP (and how to calculate them properly)?
I'm conducting 3-way (2x2x2) repeated measures ANOVA in JASP with a main factor of interest called symm, and two other factors: emotion (neutral/fearful) and masking (masked/unmasked). I want to ...
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15
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Design matrix for getting desired contrasts in 3x3 design with 2 controls
We have nine conditions in our study (two category factors each with three levels; A: a1, a2, a3; S: s, c1, c2). I did two-way ANOVA; however, we are interested in a more nuanced question. c1 and c2 ...
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Type III ANOVA in a crossed interaction showing significant main effect
Given a crossed interaction:
...
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How to interpred effect and weighted effect coded regression with continuous and factor variable interaction
I have a linear mixed model
y~(x)*fac+random
fac has two levels, with different numbers of observations
x is not normalized or centered but log transformed.
given ...
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12
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Linear mixed model poly contrast & numeric covariates
I want to compute mixed linear model and have a repeated measure design. I suspect dependent variable to decrease in an linear model with time. Which is why I defined the contrast for that variable as ...
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75
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How to obtain contrasts for constrained longitudinal data analysis?
I would like to apply a constrained longitudinal data analysis (cLDA) with a linear response variable of the form, y ~ Time + Treatment:Time + (1 | ID). I am using &...
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Intercept of logistic regression with contrast coding
Say I have a binary dependent variable (Choice) being either 0 or 1, and people answer this DV multiple times. I also evenly split people in two groups (Group, group A vs group B).
I simulate data so ...
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Pros and cons: Splitting a single dummy variable into multiple and fit seperately
I was discussing dummy coding with a colleague. They wanted to compute a series of combinations from the levels of a three-leveled categorical variable (A vs B+C; B vs A+C; C vs A+B) but as it's not ...
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Custom-define contrast - mix between dummy and Helmert coding
I'm trying to use custom-defined contrasts. They are sort of a combination of traditional dummy coding and the last contrast produced by reversed Helmert coding.
In short, I want to compare each of ...
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How report planned contrast test results
I was reading through Andy Field's Discovering Statistics with SPSS. Following ANOVA, he ran several planned contrasts.
When he described how to report the planned contrast results, he wrote this:
“...
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Relation between main effect and least square estimates
Consider the usual two-factor experiment randomized as a CRD, with factors $A$ and $B$, and with model $$Y_{ijl} = \mu + \alpha_i + \beta_j + (\alpha \beta)_{ij} + \epsilon_{ijl}$$
where $i=1,2$, $j=1,...
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When testing two contrasts on the same model over multiple sets, how many times do you adjust for multiple comparisons?
I have not found an answer to this specific question elsewhere.
I have a simple model with a single factor of three levels. I am running this model over about 1800 different sets. I am interested in ...
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Best approach for limma contrasts to remove batch effects
Given the following sample batches:
Batch1 = 3x Control Samples, 3x Group1 Samples
Batch2 = 3x Additional Control Samples 3x Additional Group1 Samples
Batch3 = 3x Additional Controls, 4x Group2 ...
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1
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percentage of difference with estimated marginal means
I am calculating the difference between concentration of different metabolites according to the factor sex (male/female) and age group (<55 / >=55) from this linear model:
...
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Experiment with two within-subjects and one between-subject with linear mixed models?
I need to analyze one dataset that contain two variables measured in the same subject and one across subjects.
The variables are:
id = subject id, factor with 83 levels
tissue = factor with 2 levels (...
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R - contrasts in two-way within-subjects ANOVA?
I have a data set from a 4x2 within-subjects (aka repeated measures) design.
Participant Identifier: SubjectNumber
IV1: Purpose (A, B, C, D)
IV2: Type (X, Y)
DV: Score
After running the overall two-...
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1
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107
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Interpreting interaction effect with orthogonal polynomial contrast codes
I'm running a logistic regression with two categorical variables (sample_number: 1, 2, 3, 4; and sample_length: 60, 70, 80, 90, 100) and a continuous predictor (dot_size). My model in R looks like ...
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emmeans - joint effects of interaction terms
I would like to see the joint effects of an interaction term. I tried joint_tests() but it gives f ratios. However, I would prefer Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) because the rest of my results section ...
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emmeans - change reference level of contrast
Good day
I need some help, I used the following code:
EMM <- emmeans(model1, ~ A | B)
...
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1
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76
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How to test whether the relationship between an IV and a DV varies depending on levels of two other variables
Let's say I have 2 different conditions participants can be assigned to (stored in the variable condition). Within each condition...
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1
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105
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emmeans ignoring `adjust`
I am running a gls on a repeated measures design. I am trying to check if my contrasts are being adjusted but I am failing to get any adjustment using either ...
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Clustered Poisson Regression
Observational Unit – I have set up multiple grids where within each grid (3x3), there are 3 different kinds of cells labeled 0, 1, and 2 identically laid out across grids. This is an observational ...
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Obtaining standardized mean differences or pooled standard deviation for linear contrasts
I have a weighted linear regression with three categorical predictor variables (each with 4 levels), and have tested three contrasts using the multcomp package in R:
...
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2
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Can all possible pairs of comparison be planned comparisons in ANOVA?
Let's say we have three intervention groups (condition A, condition B, and condition C/control) to be analyzed in ANOVA, and we are theoretically interested in the difference between each pair of all ...
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Setting custom contrasts for a two-factor interactrion hypothesis in a mixed effect model using R
There has been some debate on how to set custom contrasts in this forum already. Nevertheless, I could not find (nor implement) tests for custom contrasts for an interaction and/or a bit more complex ...
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how to report - simultaneous tests for general linear hypotheses of contrast
Dear all,
hi, I wanted to do contrast analysis and with this commands I got that table for contrast analysis
...
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Hypothesis and linear model with variables
A ~ B * C * D + (1|individual), data = Data_1) in script Outcome in console: A ~ B * C * D + (1 | individual)
B and C are between UV and
D is within UV (continuous interval scaled with 3 levels d1, d2,...
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Analysis sense check: preregister planned contrasts which we wish to conduct even if associated ANOVA is nonsignificant?
I could use a sense check on my analysis plan for an experimental study which has not yet been run; I will preregister it once I am confident that it is reasonable. There are seven between-...
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what exactly are level - 1 contrasts in determining factor effects in generalized linear models?
I am currently running a generalized linear model. As I have learned, the default contrasts of levels in factors lead to simple ...
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How to code a contrast matrix for repeated contrasts (comparing adjacent levels) where the intercept corresponds with the grand mean?
In brief: How to code a contrast matrix for repeated contrasts (comparing adjacent levels) where the intercept corresponds with the grand mean?
Example-Problem:
A factor of 10 levels.
Each contrast ...
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Why do sum and treatment contrasts give the same coefficients in linear regression?
I have been given a dummy dataset upon which linear regression is performed and treatment and sum contrasts outputs are compared.
In this scenario the coefficients are exactly the same and I don't ...
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Repeated Measures ANOVA Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts
Using the MIXED procedure and a set of repeated measures data of vertical format, I obtained the results of fixed effect estimates and related t-tests for orthogonal polynomial linear and quadratic ...
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Helmert coding for mixed models in R
I am using R to analyse data from an experiment with six conditions. Condition has two dimensions: for cognitive load, I have two levels (load and ...
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Custom contrasts in R: why should I take the generalized inverse of transpose of the original contrast matrix?
Let's say there is a continuous variable y and a grouping (factor) variable x with 3 different levels: ...
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71
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How to perform a directional hypothesis using Bayes Factors?
I would like to test a directional hypothesis using bayes factors, but I don't know how to do it.
Given this data
I perform a "bayesian anova" using the ...
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How to check the significance of different combinations of factors in a 3-way binomial GLM
I have a binomial model with a 3-way interaction:
...
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emmeans: compare treatment effect across two levels of a category
I want to compare the difference between treatment and placebo across two levels of a factor, lets say gender. This, to answer the question whether there is a significant difference in treatment ...
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Multiple comparison when testing one planned hypothesis
I am running one logit model containing an interaction:
logit dv year contract_type yearXcontract+Z
where contract_type and year are dummies with 4 levels.
After ...
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2
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Prove two orthogonal contrasts are statistically independent
Linear combination $C=\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \bar{X}_i$ is called a (estimated) contrast if $\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i=0$. Two contrasts are called orthogonal if $\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i b_i = 0$; simplest example ...
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Contrast coding and scaled estimates using emmeans / lmer
I am trying to analyse subgroups of a mixed-effects model using custom contrasts. I have 2 factors F1 and F2, each with 3 levels. My interest is in comparing the groups like this:
F1_group1 vs. ...
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Must interacting dichotomous categorical predictors be treated as factors?
If examining the main effects of dichotomous categorical variables, the levels of which are binary and absolute (present/absent), must they be treated as factors rather than numerics?
Would the answer ...
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Questions concerning visualizing model results with the R-package visreg
Following some discussions with colleagues, I'm seeking for clarification on how to visualize an ANCOVA with visreg, and what the visualization actually shows.
I would like to run the following ANCOVA ...
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calculating selected contrasts with emmeans within treatment
I have a dataset that has data collected at 8 different timepoints and in 5 different treatment groups, and want to do multiple pairwise comparisons. However, I want to run comparisons only between ...
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How do we calculate Standard Errors for effect-coded variables?
I'm a beginner following this UCLA tutorial to figure out how to interpret coefficients for effect-coded categorical predictors and have a couple of questions regarding their regression table below, ...
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Is it preferable to subset data to test specific hypotheses or specify a full model and run contrasts?
Let's say I have a 2x2 design where participants are either in condition A or condition B and, within each condition, either get exposed to exposure C or exposure D.
First, I want to test whether ...
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Categorical variable more than two levels
Say for the sake of argument I have a categorical variable called race. The variable has white, black, and Asian levels. I make two dummies (dummy variables) White and Asian (for variable white if 1 ...
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Is it appropriate to only specify the contrasts you are interested in?
I am running some contrasts in R using emmeans, and when I specify my contrasts like this:
...
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