Questions tagged [distributions]
A distribution is a mathematical description of probabilities or frequencies.
7,226
questions
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1answer
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Does entropy have less estimation error than mean and variance estimates?
Estimating the mean or expected value of a continuous random variable's (r.v.) empirical distribution is known to be difficult, moreso than estimating the variance. Estimates of the mean and variance ...
1
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0answers
10 views
What length are some segments of a broken rod?
If a rod (of unit length) is broken into $n$ segments (assuming the $n-1$ breaks occur with uniform probability across the entire length) and $k$ of those segments are chosen at random and laid end to ...
1
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2answers
29 views
Estimate Unique Number of Visitors
Is there a way to estimate the number of unique monthly visitors to a site based on a limited sample of one week of data? I have information about when a given user visited the site. This isn't as ...
0
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1answer
28 views
Softmax vs the Dirichlet distribution
As far as I understand one can in principle model the distribution over a set of $k$ categories using e.g.:
the Dirichlet distribution
A softmax model.
As far as I can tell, both use $k$ parameters ...
1
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1answer
30 views
Upper Bound and Lower Bound on Means when Distributions are bounded?
Suppose we have two different probability distributions $p, q$ defined on input $x \in [0,1]$. We know that for any value of $x$ in the domain, we have $\exp^{-a} \leq \frac{p(x)}{q(x)} \leq \exp^{a} $...
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0answers
16 views
Determining if observations within the same cluster are correlated for categorical data
Suppose I have:
66 observations
22 clusters
3 observations per cluster
Each observation can take on a value of $k\in\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}$
Each cluster is independent of every other cluster
I want ...
-1
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0answers
29 views
Marginal distribution from Uniform Conditional distribution [closed]
X and Y are iid random variables with mean >0 and taking values in {0,1,2,...}.
Suppose for all m>=0,
P(X=k|X+Y=m)=1/(m+1) , k=0,1,2,....,m
I have to find the distribution of X in terms of mean.
...
1
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2answers
19 views
Kolmogorov-Smirnov scipy_stats.ks_2samp Distribution Comparison
Newbie Kolmogorov-Smirnov question. I have 2 sample data set. When I apply the ks_2samp from scipy to calculate the p-value, its really small = ...
0
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0answers
13 views
Arena simulation [closed]
Where I can find the variance in the result in arena simulation if I used Record module, because always what I see is the mean and min & max values.
I need it to do hypothesis testing
Best regards
3
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2answers
102 views
Uniformly Distributed Residuals in Linear Regression
What can you say about your linear regression if the residuals are uniformly distibuted (and not normal)? I would like to consider the case I have a histogram showing residuals which are uniformly ...
0
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0answers
17 views
Adding Positive Skew to a Simulated Data Set
I have created code to simulate normally distributed data based on loadings from a bifactor model (Caspi et al., 2014). I need to add a skew of 2.0 to each variable in the data set to simulate the ...
0
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1answer
59 views
what the distribution of test statistic Ī± as ā1ā¤Ī±ā¤1 and $f_\alpha(x) = 2\alpha x+1 - \alpha$ w/ $H_0: \alpha= 0$ and $H_a: \alpha > 0$?
For a real ā1ā¤Ī±ā¤1 , define $f_Ī±(x)=2Ī±x+1āĪ±$. It is easy to see that fĪ± is nonnegative and integrates to 1, namely is a distribution, over [0,1] . Consider the null hypothesis that Ī±=0 , namely $...
4
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1answer
36 views
Relationship between distribution and data generating process
My question is: are the concepts of probability distribution, data generating process and population equivalent? If not, then what is the relationship they have. My question arises from the following ...
0
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1answer
23 views
Is The Jacobian Needed to Find CDF for R in Polar Coordinates?
I'm attempting to use inversion sampling to generate points on a disk according to the following PDF:
$$
f(r) = \dfrac{2}{\pi(1+r^2)}
$$
Here, the polar angle would just be a uniform random variable ...
1
vote
1answer
64 views
What does this Statistic mean? And how to find a density of a statistic?
My First Question! But it's in two parts.
Context:
I am given a Probability Density Function, and the question wants me to find the density of a statistic.
Given pdf:
$$f(x, \theta, \phi)=\frac{1}{\...
1
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1answer
24 views
Is there something like z-value for log-normal distributions?
I'm looking for a reasonable way to measure how unlikely a data point is assuming it's generated by a random variable that follows log-normal. Do we have something like Z-value for normal distribution ...
0
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0answers
56 views
What's a word meaning “drawn from the same distribution”?
I'm comparing results from ensemble data assimilation experiments where prior ensemble members are either drawn from the same (multivariate Gaussian) distribution as a "true" variable, or ...
1
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1answer
23 views
What family is the posterior predictive distribution in when the likelihood is a Bernoulli and the prior (and posterior) is Gaussian?
I have a problem where the hidden random variables I want to know about are continuous (i.e. my parameters can take any real number), and so I have modeled them as having a Gaussian p.d.f. (because ...
1
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1answer
22 views
Variance of Normal distribution given all values
I have peak value of normal distribution $0.581$ I know mean which is $0.01806$. I want to find variance now. But I know value at a certain point for continuous distribution is zero. How will I do ...
0
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0answers
8 views
Using asymptotic distribution to identify sequence
If I have sequences of random variables $X_n$, $Y_n$ with $X_n$ known and observable but $Y_n$ not, and I know that ${X_n}/{Y_n} \xrightarrow{d} N(0,1)$. Under what conditions is $Y_n$ identifiable ...
1
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1answer
34 views
Which distribution to use in the following scenario?
In a random sample of 86 athletes participating in the 2012 Summer Olympics, 63 were found to have sponsorship by private companies. Based on this sample, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there ...
3
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0answers
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Who invented the “Histogram”?
While going through Wikipedia's article History of statistics
I found
In 1786 William Playfair (1759-1823) introduced the idea of graphical representation into statistics. He invented the line chart, ...
0
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1answer
40 views
Covariance matrix for p dimensional vector
I am working on making a conjecture about necessary and sufficient conditions for a singular covariance matrix of a p-dimensional random vector.
To get to this conjecture I have to find the conditions ...
2
votes
1answer
22 views
Nonnormal distributions for a monte carlo simulation in Excel
My empirical (price-spread) time series data has a nonnormal distribution (see below) and it has no (partial)-autocorrelation. I am worrying about which distribution fits most to my data, but I think ...
1
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0answers
20 views
In comparing the exponential and Weibull distributions, why “rate” for exponential and “scale” for Weibull?
When comparing the exponential CDF with the Weibull CDF, we see:
Exponential: ${\displaystyle F(x)=1-e^{-\lambda x}}$
Weibull: ${\displaystyle F(x)=1-e^{-(x/\lambda)^{k}}}$
I understand how the ...
11
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6answers
343 views
+500
In comparison with a standard gaussian random variable, does a distribution with heavy tails have higher kurtosis?
Under a standard gaussian distribution (mean 0 and variance 1), the kurtosis is $3$. Compared to a heavy tail distribution, is the kurtosis normally larger or smaller?
0
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0answers
7 views
Estimating significance of a betting strategy, given probabilities of each event
We are given a set of independent Bernoulli trials, each having separate claimed probability (which might not be accurate). We are also given a single observation for each of those events. How to ...
4
votes
1answer
106 views
If all the conditionals are Gaussians, does it mean the joint is Gaussian?
Suppose I have a set of variables $(x_1, x_2, x_3)$ and I know that all the conditionals are Gaussian. That is, I know that $p(x_1)$, $p(x_2\mid x_1)$ and $p(x_3 \mid x_2, x_1)$ are Gaussian.
What can ...
0
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0answers
13 views
How to calculate probability of values under Weibull distribution?
I have a Genomic data that shows the interaction between genomic regions that I would like to understand which interactions are significant statistically.
Dataset look likes:
...
1
vote
1answer
9 views
is it the case that increasing degrees of freedom always makes every tail of a t-distribution smaller?
As per the title. Say I have X a random variable that is a 0-centered t-student.
Can I affirm that P(X>a) decreases when I increase the degrees of freedom of X?
Looking at the image in the ...
0
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0answers
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How can I use transformation properties to obtain the distribution of $h(\mathbf{s})$?
Let that $\mathbf{s}=(s_1,s_2) \sim Unif(S)$, where $S$ is some spatial area. Suppose $y=h(\mathbf{s})=1-[exp(exp(\beta_0+\beta_1(\mathbf{s}-\mathbf{x})^T(\mathbf{s}-\mathbf{x})))]^{-1}$. We have that ...
0
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0answers
13 views
Find distribution from expected value and confidence interval
I was tasked with finding a probability distribution to fit data with an expected value of 6 and confidence that 90% of values lie between 5 and 9. I have zero experience in statistics, but my first ...
2
votes
4answers
266 views
How to generate random numbers normally distributed in R or any software with limitations (bounds)?
I am working on a project where I need to generate random numbers for a given task time which is normally distributed with mean = 40, and standard deviation = 150.
Because of the high SD, I will get ...
0
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0answers
9 views
what is the correct way to compare log likelihood of various models?
I am trying to compare numerous neural network models in terms of log likelihood, for example there are two given here...
MC Dropout - https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02142
Deep Ensembles - http://papers....
7
votes
2answers
319 views
Poisson Gamma Mixture = Negative Binomially Distributed?
This paper introduces a model called "Beta-Geometric / NBD" which models "repeat-buying behavior in settings where customer ādropoutā is unobserved: It assumes that customers buy at a ...
0
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1answer
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Combination of distributions [reference request]
Consider a random variable $X:\Omega \rightarrow E$ that combines multiple distributions:
$$X(\omega)\sim\begin{cases}
N(0,\sigma^2),\hspace{0.2cm} \text{if $\omega =0$}\\
\text{beta}(0,1), \hspace{0....
5
votes
2answers
112 views
CDF of measurement vector with correlated noises
Given the following definitions:
$X \sim \mathcal{N}(\bar{x}, \sigma_{0}^{2})$, and $W_i \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma^{2})$, $i \in \{1,2\}$ and $E[W_1W_2]=\rho \sigma^2$. $X$ and $W_i$ are independent.
...
5
votes
2answers
136 views
Distribution of the inner product between a noise-free and a noisy signal
I am working on a problem where we have a noisy measured signal, which is stored as an $N$-dimensional vector $\mathbf{Y},$ and a set of $n_s$ simulated noise-free signals $\{\mathbf{X}_i\}_{i=1}^{n_s}...
3
votes
2answers
95 views
finding out distributions mathematically
we know that the larger the degree of freedom, the less likely extreme events will occur (e.g., if you throw fair coin once, odds of heads is 50%, if you throw twice, odds of two heads are 25% and so ...
0
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0answers
23 views
Normal Distribution problem
An underwater salvage team is preparing to explore a site in deep sea where 45 ships sank. The company feels these wrecks will generate an average rs 2250000 and sd rs 390000. The finance head of the ...
13
votes
2answers
425 views
What is the origin of the name “conjugate prior”?
I know what a conjugate prior is. But I'm confused by the name itself. Why is it called "conjugate"? A complex conjugate $z^\ast$ has a reciprocal relationship with $z$, i.e., ${z^\ast}^\ast ...
2
votes
1answer
66 views
Sampling uncertainty of posterior probability distribution
I'm working on a problem with 3 possible outcomes and a bunch of features. I have a regression model that outputs probabilities for each category and I'd like to extend these probabilities to ...
4
votes
2answers
38 views
Why would you want to fit/use a Poisson regression instead of Negative Binomial?
Given that Poisson is a special case of Negative Binomial which seems to just make error more likely in the case of overdispersion, without offering any real benefits, why would you fit a Poisson ...
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0answers
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inequality involving mean, median and variance [duplicate]
I'm looking to show $|{\rm med}(x)-\bar{x}|\le{\rm sd}(x)$. I did a bunch of simulations and the statement seems right to me.
$$
{\rm Var}(x)=\frac{1}{n}\sum\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)^2=\frac{1}{n}\sum\...
2
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0answers
18 views
(Non-limit) distribution of maxima from different univariate, discrete and stationary time series
Motivation: I'm currently studying the convergence of maxima from simulated time series to max-stable distributions, and in order to do so, I want to better understand the penultimate distribution of ...
2
votes
1answer
25 views
Should I use highly skewed features in my model?
Many of my features are highly skewed as you can see below in the figure. Should I be using such skewed data for modeling purposes? If I cannot, then is there any way to integrate such features in my ...
0
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0answers
22 views
guessing a number between 1 and 100
Person A chooses an integer between 1 and 100 at random, then B can guess that number in (at most) 7 attempts, i.e. $\log_2(100)+1=7$. What if now A chooses an integer from a distribution that is ...
0
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0answers
12 views
Uniformly Most Powerful (UMP) statistic for N Poisson distributions
For samples of $M$ Poisson-distributed datapoints $X_{1, r},...,X_{M,r}$ $\sim$ $Pois(\lambda_{r})$, and $N$ such distributions ($1 < r < N$), I have defined a likelihood function to describe my ...
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0answers
15 views
What model is a suitable model for zero-constrained variables?
After reading the answer in How do I normalize a bimodal distribution?, I began to think about the concept more broadly. With OLS on zero-constrained variables, the residuals signal bias, as the zero-...
0
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1answer
25 views
When you do a random permutation F test (by permuting group membership) is inference made on the samples or the populations?
I am trying to understand different approaches that use randomization procedures. One thing I cannot come to a clear conclusion on is this:
Say we have randomly sampled individuals from 2 populations. ...
