Questions tagged [eigenvalues]
For questions involving calculation or interpretation of eigenvalues or eigenvectors.
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Question about the regularization on Deep learning book (Dr. Goodfellow) [closed]
In Chapter 8 page 228, I don't understand why the component of $w^\star$ that is aligned with the $I$-th eigenvector of $H$ is rescaled by a factor of $\lambda_i/(\lambda_i + \alpha)$.
And in the ...
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22 views
Is it right to use PCA in this scenario?
Physicist here. I have a dataset. The data is the emission from a molecule that has two dipoles. Molecules can only emit along these dipoles.
As I rotate the molecule, I will selectively excite the ...
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0answers
10 views
Is eigenspace based classification possible
Imagine I would like to classify an image (e.g. into healthy and sick)
and have a lot of labeled data. Could I classify any image by comparing it to the eigenspaces of the two sets?
It sounds simple, ...
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0answers
13 views
Factor analysis
I have a couple of questions on factor analysis using Stata.
How to decide whether to use pf (principal factors, default), pcf (principal-components factor), ipf (iterated principal factor) or mle (...
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15 views
When the elements of first basis are always positive for PCA?
I am computing the PCA projection matrix of some data. I notice that the elements of first basis vector (corresponding to the highest eigenvalue) are always positive. My data is real and contain both ...
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0answers
31 views
Is it better to interpret PCA components using the eigenvectors or the rescaled loadings?
I have a dataset to which I am applying PCA, and looking to each PCA component.
Initially I was using the eigenvectors as a way to understand what each component "means". When using the eigenvectors ...
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26 views
eigen function in R
I want to ask about the eigen function of R.
I am currently doing a project of NBA team analysis. I am trying to figure out correlation effect of two players lineup ...
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0answers
14 views
Basis vectors for categorical images
I have a sequence of categorical images. For a two category image, each image pixel can have one of two values. I would like to analyze these images using a technique like eigen images. The goal is to ...
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1answer
68 views
How to interpret eigenvectors in PCA analysis?
I'm trying to apply the output from PCA analysis I've run on some yield curve history and am getting a bit confused. I have followed the steps below,
From a history of the yield curve ($m \times n$ ...
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0answers
13 views
Kaiser Criterion after Rotation
Within my PCA, I rotated the solution, so the output would make more sense given the complex structure using a Varimax rotation. However, when I am confirming the number of factors to extract based on ...
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1answer
108 views
Drawing 95% ellipse over scatter plot
The context is regression analysis using Eviews, but first I wanted to create a few scatter plots and overlay error ellipses on them. Eviews doesn't support that kind of graph ornamentation so I am ...
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2answers
51 views
Significance of eigenvector components in PCA
Long time reader, first time poster. Hopefully I won't screw this up...
In the context of Principal Component Analysis, I have the sense that the components of an eigenvector are a measure of the ...
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2answers
182 views
adding a small constant to the diagonals of a matrix to stabilize
I have a large correlation matrix (110x110) with some small eigenvalues (about 20 < 0.1). It has been suggested that adding a constant (about 0.1) to the diagonals will help to stabilize the matrix....
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1answer
29 views
Graphical understanding of PCA
I learned about PCA and how to find the principal components via eigenvectors/values. Now for the following problems my professor says that "Feature 2 is constant and can hence be ignored, so you can ...
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1answer
17 views
importance of correlation between data for a PROC CLUSTER
i'm working on a clustering analysis on SAS.
I need to improve an actual code :
...
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0answers
37 views
Determining the Direction of Eigenvectors in PCA [duplicate]
I'm using R to get the principal components for several datasets.
An example result, using prcomp yields:
...
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0answers
30 views
Idea behind change of basis and how it relates to projecting your points onto principal components
I would like to clarify if my understanding is correct. In the traditional X-Y coordinate system, our choice of basis vectors are $\vec{i} = (1, 0)$ and $\vec{j} = (0, 1)$ and when you I have a point $...
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51 views
Change in eigenvalues due to perturbation to a correlation matrix
Let $A$ be a $m \times n$ matrix defined as
$ A = \Big[\frac{a_1}{\|a_1\|} \cdots \frac{a_n}{\|a_n\|}\Big]$ and $a_k \in \mathbb{R}^{m\times 1}$ where $k \in [1,\dots,n]$.
Now, we define a ...
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55 views
Maximum likelihood: Why is the number of non-zero eigenvalues equal to $x^T \hat{\Sigma}^{-1} x$
I've been reading this code (based on this R package) and I found that the number of non-zero eigenvalues of the estimated covariance is roughly equal to $x_i^T \hat{\Sigma}^{-1} x_i$. I want to know ...
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18 views
The miracle of the Lanczos/conjugate gradient algorithm
Lanczos/Arnoldi/Rietz/CG-like algorithm share the same core strategy... In each, a little miracle appears, most of the Gram-Schmidt inner products are zeroes ! In others words, new direction need only ...
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0answers
49 views
Limiting results for non-unique eigenvalues and eigenvectors for a sample covariance matrix
I am working on the limiting behavior for the eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvectors, especially the minimum eigenvalues. For instance, let $S_X=\frac{1} {T} \sum_t X_t X_t ^\prime$ be a $p \...
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1answer
141 views
Are eigenfaces same as eigenvectors?
I'm trying to understand the difference between eigenvectors and eigenfaces, are they different names for same concepts?
I ask this because I got confused when I am trying to compute eigenvectors for ...
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1answer
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PCA- creating a model with values obtained
Hoping somebody can help me. I cannot find an example that 'finishes' a problem. I run a proc princomp in SAS. I have hundreds of variables but used four for the purpose of an example. I ...
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1answer
63 views
Compute the $k$ largest eigenvector in spectral clustering
In Spectral Clustering, we need to compute the top $k$ largest eigenvector of normalized $L$.
$$L = D^{-\frac{1}{2}}SD^{-\frac{1}{2}}$$
In Andrew NG's paper, L is not positive definite (unless ...
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22 views
Approximation error on standard and sparse PCA
I am trying to understand the approximation error of pca explained in this tutorial.
$\sum_{n=1}^{N}||x_n-\tilde{x}_n||=N\sum_{i=M+1}^{D}\lambda_i$ where $||x_n-\tilde{x}_n||=\sum_{i=M+1}^{D}\left(\...
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23 views
Eigenvalue decomposition/SVD and the filtering perspective
I have been studying the SVD algorithm recently and I can understand how it might be used for compression but I am trying to figure out if there is a perspective of SVD where it can be seen as a low ...
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54 views
Intuition behind finding number of clusters in spectral clustering according to Zelnik-Manor and Perona
I have a quick question on the intuition behind the estimation strategy for the number of clusters presented in the paper "Self-Tuning Spectral Clustering" by Lihi Zelnik-Manor and Pietro Perona. See ...
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1answer
206 views
PCA in psych package with more columns than rows
Why is it impossible to do a PCA in R using principal from psych package without warnings with a matrix, which has more columns ...
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0answers
29 views
PCA for three-dimensional linear fit on time-resolved trajectory
I study the behavior of organisms that are able of self-locomotion and that show directed motion toward one another. This directed motion occurs through the detection of chemical trails released by ...
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3answers
618 views
PCA basic: Must eigenvalues converge to zero at high dimension?
Recently, I obtained several PCA plots, and because I am unable to produce eigenvalues for higher dimensions, I tried to extrapolate them based on the available data. The reason why I want to do this ...
2
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1answer
82 views
PCA Basic: Do eigenvalues remain constant with increase in dimensions?
Say I have a set of genomic data to be analysed for population structure. I ran two different analyses using two different maximum principal components. For the first analysis, I modeled the data ...
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0answers
36 views
Weighting a Covariance Matrix via Eigendecomposition
Given a covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma} \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$ between $N$ variables of interest, generated by some kernel function $\mathbf{\kappa}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y})$, and some vector $...
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3answers
246 views
PCA to choose variables based on its loadings on PC1 [duplicate]
I have a dataset of cave dimensions (and other variables related to their features).
The problem is that 3 of these variables are: Length, Area, and Volume.
These 3 are highly correlated as they ...
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1answer
150 views
Negative eigenvalues when computing MultiDimensional Scaling given nonnegative distance matrix
I am using the Smile MDS
https://github.com/haifengl/smile/blob/master/core/src/main/java/smile/mds/MDS.java and occasionally running into:
...
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0answers
93 views
Interpreting low Cronbach's alpha value in CATPCA
I ran categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) on the data that I collected through a questionnaire. The purpose of the questionnaire was to understand pedestrians intentions and attitudes ...
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0answers
78 views
Why are the discriminant axes in linear discriminant analysis (LDA) not orthogonal?
This may be a quite silly question and please correct me if I'm wrong.
The discriminants (discriminant axes) are essentially eigenvectors of $\mathrm{Cov}_\mathrm{within}^{-1} \mathrm{Cov}_\mathrm{...
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Is max. Eigenvalue of k-sparse PCA always $\leq$ max. Eigenvalue of normal PCA on same dataset?
Is max. Eigenvalue of k-sparse PCA always less than or equal to the max. Eigenvalue of normal PCA on same dataset? K refers to the number of non zero eigenvalues when the dataset is of dimension n <...
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1answer
35 views
How to infer the eigenvalue distribution from matrix where each entry has a known Gaussian distribution?
Problem
Given $X \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$ where $X_{ij} \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu_{ij}, \sigma_{ij}^2 I)$
Find the eigenvalue distribution using whatever you can.
Background
In my field, I have a ...
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1answer
109 views
Usage of the term “feature vector” in Lindsay I Smith's PCA tutorial
I'm currently following Lindsay Smith's (in large parts very well written) PCA tutorial. I'm a bit confused about the usage of the term "feature vector" in this paper though. A quote from this paper ...
2
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1answer
42 views
Can I use combination of eigenvectors as a single vector to explain most of variance?
I have a problem trying to find a combination (or weighted average) of variables (statistics) that best explains the sample statistics.
A – n x p matrix (n: observations p: variables, here are ...
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1answer
176 views
Must a matrix of sample pairwise covariances be PSD?
Consider a random vector $\mathbf{X}=(X)_{i=1}^n$. Then the covariance matrix $$C=\mathbb{E}[(\mathbf{X}-\mu(\mathbf{X}))(\mathbf{X}-\mu(\mathbf{X}))^\top]$$ is by definition positive-semidefinite. (...
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1answer
186 views
Orthogonality as found by the Gram-Schmidt process vs. uncorrelated basis vectors
I have a data matrix $Y$ of size $n \times p$, a basis vector in $\mathbb{R}^p$ $v_1$, and a potential basis vector in $\mathbb{R}^p$ $v_2'$. Then, if I use the Gram-Schmidt process on $[v_1, v_2']$ ...
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1answer
37 views
Exploratory factor analysis with 5 positively loaded and 1 negatively loaded factor. How to interpret?
I conducted an EFA with Maximum Likelihood and Direct Oblimin Rotation. Following the Kaiser Eigenvalue 1 rule, I identified 6 latent factors. 5 of them are positively loaded, while 1 is not.
Here ...
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1answer
71 views
Is it possible to have a basis for a covariance matrix such that the greatest variance is greater than the variance of the first eigenvector?
Suppose we have a covariance matrix $C$. Define the eigendecomposition, $C = Q^{-1} \Lambda Q$ and some other arbitrary basis $C = B^{-1} D B$.
Define $V_\text{PCA} = \text{diag}(QCQ^{-1})$ and $V_B =...
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2answers
3k views
How does eigenvalues measure variance along the principal components in PCA? [duplicate]
I understand that eigenvalues measure variance along the principal components.
Questions
How are eigenvalues and variance same for PCA?
What is the intuition behind this being the same?
What is ...
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0answers
59 views
Find the missing eigenvector values in PCA
A principal component analysis is carried out using the correlation matrix R of a
data set with n = 25 observations and p = 4 variables. The ordered eigenvalues of
R are given by
$$\lambda_1 = 2.25, \...
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0answers
95 views
Interpretation of Square of Covariance Matrix
I have a random variable, distributed as a sum of independent chi-squared random variables each with one degree of freedom.
$$ X = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i \chi^2_{i(1)}$$
where $ \lambda_i$ are ...
2
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0answers
75 views
Expected eigenvalues of a Wishart Matrix
I consider a $n\times n$ Wishart Matrix with expected value $p \cdot I_n$, i.e. a matrix of the form
$$W = XX'$$
with $X$ a $n\times p$ matrix with independent standard normal entries.
It is easy ...
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0answers
41 views
Associated eigenvalue problem to spline penalization
In Natural Spline functions, their associated eigenvalue problem by F. Utreras they prove a result. I am interested to know if a more generalized form exists and where to find it.
Consider the space ...
-1
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2answers
241 views
Most important variable in a principal component
How do I tell what is the most important variable for a particular principal component? Do I calculate the absolute value for all the eigenvectors associated with that particular principal component ...
