Questions tagged [orthogonal]
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61
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In what sense are "all regression predictors in a balanced factorial ANOVA orthogonal"?
This question Why are all regression predictors in a balanced factorial ANOVA orthogonal? asks why all predictors in a balanced ANOVA setting are orthogonal. My question is in what sense are the ...
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Is the coefficient of an orthogonal independent variable affected by the near-multicollinearity of two other independent variables?
Suppose there is a regression with three variables $X_1, X_2, X_3$. Say $X_1$ and $X_2$ have near-multicollinearity, but $X_3$ is (nearly) orthogonal to both.
Will $\beta_3$ experience the same ...
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What estimation methods other than ordinary least squares guarantee the orthogonality of predictions and residuals?
From my question here, it is evident that estimation approaches to linear regression other than ordinary least squares can result in the predictions and residuals lacking orthogonality, despite the ...
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Quadratic regression with orthogonal polynomials vs. raw polynomials with QR decomposition
I'm using rstanarm to estimate random slopes for second-order polynomial coefficients. My model has the basic form:
...
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107
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Prove OLS consistency
Consider the linear model
$$
Y={\underbrace{X_i}_{K\times 1 }}^\top\beta+U_i
$$
and assume
(0) There is no intercept in the model
(1) $E(X_i U_i)=0_K$ [orthogonality]
(2) $E(X_i X_i^\top)$ has rank $K$...
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The p value of my OPLS-DA model was -nan(ind), I don't know, what's mean, and the residual MS was infinite, I need help here?
I obtained for the first time strange cross-validation results of my OPLS-DA model, the CV ANOVA was -nan(ind), SD residual was inf, MS residual was inf also, moreover, F test equal to zero.
The ...
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Cross-covariance in context of Andrews plot
As shown in this Cross-Validated post
Close curves on an Andrews plot
I don't understand how, in the accepted answer, the cross-covariance can be defined as,
$$\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f_xf_ydt$$
Considering ...
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Coefficients interpretation after recovering raw coefficients from a regression which used orthogonal regressors
I have an unbalanced panel of 747 observations and 15 years.
After testing for Pooled, FE and RE, FE is the "best" model.
However, I have multicollinearity problems. I can either remove one ...
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some thought about independence and orthogonal, please comment on this if it's wrong
It seems that linearly independent is totally different from independent of random variable concept. Non-zero vectors Orthogonality must imply linearly independence.
In Statistics, the relation of ...
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decision boundaries of random forests
I was told that decision boundaries of RandomForests can be non-orthogonal. See Figure 7-5 in Geron's book Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn & TensorFlow p.g. 187 edition 1. This is not ...
- 155
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Proving non-correlation with very disperse distributions
I'm fairly new to statistics and came up with a problem.
I have a sample with a variation coefficient CV = 0.517 for variable x, and I want to prove this variable is not correlated with a second ...
- 101
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One-dimensional subspace clustering
Consider the inner product space $(\mathbb{R}^n, \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle)$ and suppose that there are one-dimensional orthogonal subspaces $\{V_i\}_{i=1}^n$ such that $\mathbb{R^n} = \oplus_{i=1}^n ...
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What does "nearly orthogonal" mean for a matrix?
I am currently working on experimental designs. I have read several times (e.g Kuhfeld 2010) that for the main effects to be identified, the design matrix has to be orthogonal or "nearly ...
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Are eigenvectors of PCA guaranteed to be orthonormal?
Are eigenvectors (principal components) of PCA orthonormal or only orthogonal ? Or only some of them are orthonormal or they are orthonormal if data were normalized before doing PCA ?
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Check orthogonality of batched vectors, of non square matrix
I have a batch of vectors $X$ that have row vectors of size $n$, and batch size of $k$, so $$\begin{bmatrix}
v_{11} & ... & v_{1n} \\
v_{21} & ... & v_{2n} \\
&\;\;\vdots \notag \\
...
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Prove two orthogonal contrasts are statistically independent
Linear combination $C=\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \bar{X}_i$ is called a (estimated) contrast if $\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i=0$. Two contrasts are called orthogonal if $\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i b_i = 0$; simplest example ...
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Using Orthogonal Main Effects Plan to select profiles for conjoint analysis
I am trying to create a code in Python to select orthogonal profiles given some attributes and levels.
For eg:
...
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68
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Estimating Moving Average Impact Matrix after running VECM
How to estimate moving average impact matrix after running VECM model in R? It is given as $ \hat{\beta_c}( \hat{\alpha_c}$ $\hat{\Gamma}$ $\hat{\beta_c}$)$^{-1}$ $\hat{\alpha_c}'$, where $\alpha$, $\...
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518
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Orthogonality and uncorrelated
In linear regression suppose we parition the regressors X (with k variables and n observations) into two sets X1 (with k1 variables) and X2 (with k2 variables) where k1 and k2 sum to k.
I found some ...
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Alternatives to PCA with orthogonal datasets?
http://blog.audio-tk.com/2008/02/04/dimensionality-reduction-principal-components-analysis/
"It is obvious that PCA does not respect the manifold structure. One has to use 3 dimensions to describe ...
user271077
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194
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Contrasts in a Completely Randomized Design (Unbalanced)
Four catalysts that may affect the concentration of one component in a three-component liquid mixture are being investigated. Consider a completely randomized experiment, where $n_1 = 5$, $n_2 = 4$, $...
- 343
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97
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Independence of components in PCA
Let's have spatio-temporal dataset ($Y \in \mathbb{R}^{L \times T}$). Where $L$ stands for spatial grid points and $T$ for time. Now let's say that the noise of the system follows a multivatiate ...
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How to directly know the backward selection model when independent variables are orthogonal?
According to this output, the independent variables are orthogonal.
Please tell me,
when doing the backward selection, why it can be directly known that it should be reduced to 5th order model?
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A Primer on Orthogonal GARCH Model Covariance Matrix
I am trying to replicate Table 3a: Correlation Matrix from this paper (Page 11): http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.201.7226&rep=rep1&type=pdf. (I believe there is a ...
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351
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Why the first principal component is mostly negative while the second component is mostly positive?
I am running PCA for a fleet management data frame $X$, where each column is a city, each row is a date, there are 50 cities and 500 dates.
I run PCA on $A=X^{T}X$.
Then the first component $v_{1}$ ...
- 235
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Scatter Plot - Basics [closed]
I am stuck in understanding a basic scatter plot. I am working in two dimensions i.e. there are two variables X & Y.
So, the question is that in the scatter plot, what do the two axes mean?
...
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Variance of Random Vector in the Circular Orthogonal Ensemble
Let $x$ be a (uniformly) randomly chosen column of a random orthogonal matrix (of size $K$ x $K$) distributed according to Haar measure. What is $\mathbb{E}[x]$, $\mathbb{E}[x x^T]$, $Cov(x, x)$, and $...
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Granger's representation theorem: Johansen's version
In his book 'Likelihood based inference in cointegrated Var', in order to get the expression for the Granger's representation theorem,, Johansen claims that:
(1)
$$\beta \bot(\alpha' \bot \beta \bot ...
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Find a vector that satisfies the following: i) it has a given correlation with a second vector and ii) it is orthogonal to a set of vectors
I would like to generate a vector $\vec{u}$ of dimension $n$, so that i) it has a given correlation $r$ with a second vector $\vec{v}$ and ii) it is orthogonal to a set of $m$ vectors $A = \{\vec{w}_1,...
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Orthogonal contrasts, ANOVA, why are there only as many contrasts there are degrees of freedom?
For example, if I have the data
$$
\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|l|l|l}
A & low & & medium & & high & \\ \hline
B & standard & new & ...
- 888
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Using varimax – rotated PCA for clustering via Gaussian Mixture Model?
After extracting the Principle Components of my data, I apply Gaussian Mixture Models for clustering. I used a subset of the orthogonal basis of the Principle Components and projected my data onto ...
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213
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Orthogonal contrasts for coefficients of regression
Suppose that we want to test the following hypothesis
$H_{0}:b_{1}+b_{3}-2b_{2}=0$
where $b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}$ are coefficient derived from a linear regression.We can see that $H_{0}$ is similar to ...
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Orthogonality of residuals in linear regression
In multiple linear regression, I came across the statement that both $e$(residual) and predicted $y$ are projections of actual y and $e$ is orthogonal to predicted $y$.
I was trying to visualize the ...
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Which rotation type for principal component regression?
I would like to perform a principal component regression (PCR), but feel a little confused about the rotation type to be used in the principal component analysis (PCA) step.
First I perform a PCA to ...
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How is multivariate Gaussian distribution is determined by its second moments alone?
The following statement is given in Unsupervised Learning chapter of the book Elements of Statistical Learning.
Since the multivariate Gaussian distribution is determined by its
second moments ...
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The linear transformation of the normal gaussian vectors
I am facing difficulty in proving the following statement. It is given in a research paper found on Google. I need help in proving this statement!
Let $X= AS$, where $A$ is orthogonal matrix and $...
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Statistics: orthogonality vs uncorrelatedness vs independence [duplicate]
In this post I would like someone to summarize and relate these 3 concepts of statistics (in the context of stats).
1) I remember that uncorrelated does NOT imply independence (e.g. the case where ...
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Does orthogonal and zero mean of two RV X,Y imply that they are uncorrelated?
I understand that two uncorrelated RV X,Y are orthogonal if at least one of both is of zero mean. But can you reverse this statement if you expand the preconditions to both RV X,Y being of zero mean?
...
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which angle and axis to chose to get a 90 degrees angle between those 2 vectors
I am suddenly puzzled by ho to know (when in 3D) with respect to which axis is the vector being rotated when the dot product between then is =0. for example: if i rotate 90degrees (pi/2 radians) along ...
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orthogonality in $2D$ vs higher dim vectors
considering that $2$ vectors such as $x_2=\begin{bmatrix}1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$ and $y_2=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$ are orthogonal in $2D$ (i.e. their scalar product is $0$) however ...
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Why are PCA eigenvectors orthogonal but correlated?
I've seen some great posts explaining PCA and why under this approach the eigenvectors of a (symmetric) correlation matrix are orthogonal. I also understand the ways to show that such vectors are ...
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Orthogonal initialization of weight matrix
Searching for the way to initialize the matrix weights as orthogonal (i.e. W*W^T = I and all the eigenvalues are equal either 1 or -1),(I was wrong) I found this ...
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Calculating orthogonalized impulse response functions for vector error corrrection models
Background:
I am working on orthogonal impuls response functions (OIRFs) for vector error correction models (VECMs). Its an exercise to develop understanding. I am given a bivariate VECM:
$$ \Delta ...
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855
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Advantage of orthogonal polynomials
What is the sense or background of orthogonal polynomials (regarding using mixed models)? I would like to know why they shall or should be orthogonal. Is it to build independent sample points?
On Is ...
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How to standardize the data matrix before applying SVD for PCA?
I am trying to enhance the contrast in the images I get after scanning a surface using Thermography (Principal Component Thermography ~Rajic, which is basically an application of Principal Component ...
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Balancing out in an orthogonal design
A definition of orthogonality in the context of statistics is
An experimental design is orthogonal if the effects of any factor
balance out (sum to zero) across the effects of the other factors.
...
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442
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Statistically orthogonal - explanation?
I did see the related question here but my question is more related to the actual explanation of the orthogonality itself.
So the following design is orthogonal (this is a latin square to be precise):...
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What is the intercept term in a mixed effects model using orthogonal polynomials to model time?
I'm using a mixed effects model (lmer) in R to model eye-tracking data using orthogonal polynomials (poly(time,3)) for time. The response variable is log(looks to target/looks to competitor). The ...
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Orthogonality in ANOVA and Regression Analysis
I read the following (Wikipedia) regarding contrast coding of categorical variables:
Unlike when used in ANOVA, where it is at the researcher’s discretion whether they choose coefficient values ...
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Distribution involving orthogonal matrix
If $Y∼N(\mu,I\sigma^2)$ and $Q$ is any orthogonal matrix of appropriate dimension, how do I find the distribution of $QY$?
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