Questions tagged [transform]

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Conditions for this functional relating densities under change of variables to exist?

Suppose I have a random variable $X$ with density function $f_X(x)$, and a continuous but non-smooth function $g$. We will also take $Y := g(X)$ to have a smooth density function $f_Y(y)$. If $g$ had ...
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0 answers
62 views

Inverse Laplace Transform of Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)

I have an elementary understanding of the use of two-sided Laplace transform to obtain the moment generating function of a probability distribution. Besides its usefulness to obtain moments, it can ...
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0 answers
38 views

What's the transform that relates measures on $[0,1]$ to beta distributions?

I'm looking for something that I think is called "[somebody]'s transform", but I can't remember its name. The idea is that if I have a measure on $[0,1]$ representing the bias of an unknown ...
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0 answers
20 views

Transforming predictor variable

I have a variable in a data frame in R called X that represents the distance to the nearest house (m), I would like to transform this variable to create a new variable (Y) such that a unit increase in ...
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4 votes
1 answer
61 views

What is the distribution of bit counts of a binomial random variable?

Suppose I have a binomial random variable $X \sim B(n,p)$ and I apply the following bit counting operation $$Y = \operatorname{bit\_count}(X)$$ where $\operatorname{bit\_count}$ is defined in the ...
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0 votes
1 answer
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Do linear transforms of IID random vectors make the resulting covariances sufficient to describe statistical dependence?

This question is motivated by the fact that a linear transformation of an IID standard normal vector gives the multivariate Gaussian distribution, and that the statistical dependence of such ...
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1 vote
0 answers
34 views

Deriving distribution under change of variables between spaces of unequal dimension

For a function of random variables $T:\mathbb{R}^n \mapsto \mathbb{R}^m$ Wikipedia outlines how to handle three cases: $m = n = 1$ $m=n > 1$ $n>1 \land m=1$ There seems to be two missing cases:...
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0 votes
0 answers
40 views

Complicated Transform of a Beta Random Variable

Consider a Beta distributed random variable, $X \sim Beta(a,b)$ Then consider the transform $$Y = \sqrt{K\frac{X}{1-X}}$$ where $K > 0$ is a constant. How could you go about finding the PDF of $Y$?...
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2 votes
0 answers
31 views

Distribution of the Square Root of a Beta Prime Random Variable

Given a Beta Prime distributed random variable $X \sim BP(a,b) $ with probability density $$\rho_X(x) = \frac{\Gamma(a+b)}{\Gamma(a)\Gamma(b)}\frac{x^{\alpha - 1}}{(1+x)^{a+b}}, x > 0$$ Consider ...
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147 views

Scale of X axis in forest plot

The question is very simple. For the help file of the meta package, let's consider this forest plot: ...
6 votes
1 answer
110 views

What is the distribution of a random linear combination of gamma random variables?

Let $U\sim \mathcal U(0, 1)$ be a random variable uniformly distributed over the interval $[0, 1]$. Let $X_1, X_2\sim \Gamma(a, b)$ be two iid random variables with a Gamma distribution. Now it is ...
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0 answers
29 views

log transformation with the self-reported health score variables

With self-reported health scores (as a dependent variable) - such as CES-D for depression which typically ranges from 0 to 60, I was wondering whether log-transforming these scores would allow me to ...
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0 answers
102 views

How does skewness in the independent features affect the performance of classification algorithms?

Do we need to take action when we encounter a skewed feature (not the target)? We can log transform for regression etc., but does it matter in also classification models?
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10 votes
3 answers
2k views

If a data set appears to be normal after some transformation is applied, is it really normal?

Suppose you have a data set that doesn't appear to be normal when its distribution is first plotted (e.g., it's qqplot is curved). If after some kind of transformation is applied (e.g., log, square ...
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0 answers
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Finding density function of random vector (density transformation)

Let $X_{i} \sim \operatorname{Ga}\left(\alpha_{i}, \lambda\right)$ independent with $\alpha_{i}>0$ fūr $i=1,2$. Furthermore it is known, that $V=X_{1}+X_{2} \sim \operatorname{Ga}\left(\alpha_{1}+\...
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0 answers
748 views

Transforming only y variable with Yeo-Johnson in Python

I have 4500 values in my dependent variable and 75% of values are zeros (no negative ones) The distribution looks like this. In multiple sources I read that Yeo-Johnson transformation can be a ...
0 votes
0 answers
215 views

Prior after variable transformation

I am sampling the variables ($\alpha, \beta, \gamma$) with a Markov chain where I put the priors to be flat, e.g. $\pi(\alpha) = U(\alpha)$ and similarly for $\beta, \gamma$. Now I am actually ...
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4 votes
1 answer
335 views

What is the expected value of the log-log-normal distribution (aka the LLN distribution)?

Question 387180 discusses the pdf of the log-log-normal distribution. I'd like to know if there's an expression for the mean of this distribution. I'm trying to work it out with pencil and paper, but ...
2 votes
1 answer
347 views

Anscombe transform vs log transform

I am trying to understand in layman's terms how the anscombe transform converts a poisson distribution into a normal distribution. So, why is a log transform not sufficient in its own to obtain the ...
2 votes
4 answers
163 views

Approximate distribution of a complicated function of a random variable

If $X$ is a random variable cdf $F(x)$ such that $F$ is invertible then we have the standard method of finding the pdf of any function of $X$, say, $\sin(X) $ or $ X^3+1 $.However,in many situations ...
1 vote
1 answer
36 views

Integrating in log-space with a change of variable

I have a probability density function $P(f|\mu,\sigma) = \mathcal{N}(f|\mu,\sigma)$. I need to change the variable $f$ to $L = \log_{10}[f]$ so I can integrate it jointly with another PDF whose domain ...
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0 answers
32 views

How to convert a normal random variable to a truncated normal distribution? [duplicate]

Is it possible to transform a normally distributed variable into one that defined by a truncated normal distribution? I am currently using a KL transform to generate Gaussian random fields. I would ...
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0 votes
1 answer
50 views

How can I fix the residual plot though transformation

What transformation can I use to fix this residual plot (make the red line horizontal). I tried square root, log, 1/y, and squared. None of them helped. The data is of a 2 way ANOVA: Response ...
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7 votes
1 answer
289 views

Distribution of i.i.d. random variables $X$ and $Y$ if $XY \sim \text{Beta}(\alpha, \beta)$

This is a follow-up to the question Square root of a Beta(1,1) random variable, which received two great answers. If $XY \sim \text{Beta}(\alpha, \beta)$, and $X$ and $Y$ are two independent ...
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11 votes
2 answers
1k views

Square root of a Beta(1,1) random variable

If $X^2 \sim \text{Beta}(1,1)$, is there a closed form for the distribution of $X$? If yes, what does it look like? And if this is not too much to ask, is there a general way to find the distribution ...
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0 votes
0 answers
74 views

Can I transform percentage data using just the square root?

I have a data set with the number of larvae (out of 100) that have metamorphosed after 0,1,2, and 5 days. I want to perform a repetitive ANOVA on the results but they are not normally distributed. I'...
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-1 votes
1 answer
103 views

Calculation of integrals transforming $N(μ,σ^2)$ to $N(0,1)$

Let's say $X\sim N(\mu,\sigma^2)$, where $\mu$ and $\sigma^2$ are known. How can we calcuate the following integrals by transforming $X$ to $Z\sim N(0,1)$? $$ \int_{c_1}^{c_2}(x-c)\frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{...
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0 answers
21 views

Confusion in the domain of transformation of random variables

I have two random variables $X$ and $Y$. Let us assume both ranges from $0<x<\infty$ and $0<y<\infty$. Let is also assume both are having exponential densities. I am making two different ...
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0 votes
1 answer
39 views

What distribution is this? [duplicate]

Basically, I am told that $\varepsilon$~$N(0,1)$, and $\omega$~$IG(\frac{v}{2}$,$\frac{v}{2})$ where $IG$ is the inverted gamma distribution Now, I am told that the distribution of: $\varepsilon(\frac{...
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1 vote
2 answers
2k views

Finding the pdf of Y from that of X, linear transformation

The question is Let $X$ be a continuous random variable with pdf $f_X(x) = 2(1 − x)$, $0 ≤ x ≤ 1$. If $Y = 2X − 1$, find the pdf of $Y$. I understand these steps$$F_Y(Y ≤ y) = P(2X-1 ≤ y) = P(X ≤ (y+...
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3 votes
1 answer
453 views

Z transform of $ 2^{-|n|} $

Dears, I'm trying to compute the Z-transform of $$ x(n) = 2^{-|n|} $$. My procedure is as follows: Using definition of Z transform: $$ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}2^{-|n|} z^{-n} = \sum_{n=-\infty}...
0 votes
0 answers
30 views

Transforming Logistic Regression Model

I have a Logistic Regression Model in R ...
0 votes
1 answer
136 views

Copula between a distribution and its univariate transformation

I'm trying to compute the copula (or joint distribution) between x and a univariate transformation, like say sin(x). That is compute $C_{XY}$ (or $F_{XY}$) given that $x \sim U(0,1)$ and $y = sin(x)$ ...
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6 votes
1 answer
556 views

Inverse Gaussian chi square connection

The inverse Gaussian distribution $IG(\mu,\lambda)$ is associated with the density $$f(x;\mu,\lambda) = \sqrt{\frac{\lambda}{2\pi x^3}}\,\exp\left\{-\frac{\lambda(x-\mu)^2}{2\mu^2x}\right\}\qquad \...
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1 vote
1 answer
194 views

PMF of $aX_1 + bX_2$ (Bernoulli)

Let $Y_1 = aX_1 \sim \text{Bernoulli}(p)$ and $Y_2 = bX_2 \sim \text{Bernoulli}(p)$, what is the PMF of $Z = Y_1 + Y_2$ for $a > 0$, $b > 0$ and $a \neq b$? Can somebody check my result? $$p_{...
-1 votes
1 answer
116 views

A Normal distribution variable in the power of N

If $X$ is normal distributed random variable, what is the distribution of $|X|^n$? I am struggling to understand the distribution. Any guidance would be appreciated.
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8 votes
1 answer
3k views

Why can I interpret a log transformed dependent variable in terms of percent change in linear regression?

Looking at resources such as this one and this one, you see claims like "Exponentiate the coefficient, subtract one from this number, and multiply by 100. This gives the percent increase (or ...
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2 votes
2 answers
787 views

How do you get the double sum or integral from $E(X+Y)$ (expected value)?

I was given a proof for $E(X+Y)$ = $E(X)+E(Y)$ for cases where both variables are either discrete or continuous: Discrete: $$ \begin{align*} E(X+Y) &=\sum_{x\in\mathcal X}\sum_{y\in\mathcal Y}(x+y)...
1 vote
0 answers
103 views

Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms and distribution

I was going through a paper, I came across below relation, \begin{equation} T=\begin{cases} C, & \text{with probability $P(H<C)$}\\ 0, & \text{with probability $P(H>C)$} \...
1 vote
0 answers
180 views

Is the copula function invariant only under deterministic monotonic transformation?

I read about the following theorem (see Proposition 3 in the picture below) on the invariance of copula under monotonic transformation, my questions is: 1. Are the $T_i$ mentioned in the following ...
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3 votes
1 answer
438 views

Change of variables in pdf

I have the joint pdf$$f(x_1,x_2)=x_1e^{-x_1(1+x_2)}I_{(0,\infty)}(x_1)I_{(0,\infty)}(x_2)$$and have to derive the joint pdf of $$Y_1=e^{-X_1}\qquad\text{ and }\quad Y_2=e^{-X_1X_2}$$ I set $x_1=-\ln(...
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1 vote
1 answer
80 views

How can I shift the average probability keeping constraint (0.0:1.0)?

I have a large datasets of values that range from 0 to n. I am interpreting the values as probabilities for a later pseudo-random selection process. To make the values serve as probabilities, I ...
1 vote
1 answer
127 views

How to interpret a specific data transformation?

I came across this specific data transformation in the context of a physics application, which by itself is rather complex and hence out of the scope of this question. However since this ...
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2 votes
1 answer
42 views

How do you work with a function of a uniform distribution? [closed]

I am struggling with parts b and c. How do you solve them? Could you please give the solution?
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0 votes
2 answers
178 views

how do you transform/standardise a function to always give values between y1 and y2?

Having lost some of my math skills, I am having problems with something that I think should be fairly easy but is eluding me: I have a plateau shaped function that I would like to standardise such ...
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1 vote
0 answers
53 views

Can I use Linear Regression or do I need Nonlinear Regression

I am trying to fit these two equations to data in R via regression. First Equation: $$y(x) = a + \frac{b}{c + x^m}.$$ This equation is constant plus reciprocal function, resulting in a hyperbolic ...
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0 votes
1 answer
424 views

Normalize target value for linear regression

I'm building a regression model to predict sensor value over time. Bellow is a figure of my sensors data over time: Based on this video about transforming nonlinear data with a log function, What ...
0 votes
0 answers
157 views

Squeeze a time series to fit in a range while maintaining shape

I have the following time series with intermediate highs and lows marked by the vertical lines: I want to transform/squeeze the series so that the resulting series would fit in a range, let's say [0,...
4 votes
1 answer
977 views

What is the general second-order Taylor approximation to $\mathbb{V}(f(X))$?

If $X \sim \text{N}(0, \sigma^2)$ it is well-known that we have the second-order Taylor approximation: $$\mathbb{V}[f(X)] \approx f'(\mu)^2 \cdot \sigma^2 + \frac{f''(\mu)^2}{2} \cdot \sigma^4.$$ ...
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1 vote
1 answer
2k views

How to present Confidence Interval for Log-Transformed Means & Mean Difference?

After trying to read on this topic, I still have some clarifications remaining. Context: Comparing between 2 arms (categorical), measuring microbiological plate-counted bacteria concentration (...
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