Let $\theta > 0$ be some model parameter for which properties (bias, ...) of an estimate are studied via simulations. For a given data set, an estimate $\hat{\theta}_i$ of $\theta$ can be obtained by maximising a likelihood function. As $\theta$ is positive, however, I perform the maximisation over $\eta = \log(\theta) \in \mathbb{R}$ and I set $\hat{\theta} = \exp(\hat{\eta})$. After running $N$ simulations, how should I compute the mean value, - $\bar{\hat{\theta}} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \hat{\theta}_i$, or - $\bar{\hat{\theta}} = \exp(\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \hat{\eta}_i)$? ---------- **Example**: -- Minus log likelihood for a sample from the Exp distribution with mean $\theta = \exp(\eta)$: minusloglik <- function(eta, sample) { theta <- exp(eta) - sum(dexp(x=sample, rate=theta, log=TRUE)) } -- True value of $\theta$: theta <- 5.73 -- Simulations: thetaHat <- etaHat <- rep(NA, 1000) for(i in 1:1000) { sample <- rexp(n=100, rate=theta) etaHat[i] <- nlm(f=minusloglik, p=0, sample=sample)$estimate thetaHat[i] <- exp(etaHat[i]) } **Question**: - Should I summarise the results as `mean(thetaHat)` or as `exp(mean(etaHat))`? - Is the answer the same if $\theta$ denotes the variance of a normal distribution?