I think a simple chi-squared test will do the trick. Do you have 1,000,000 observations for both control and test? If so, your table of observations will be (in R code) Edit: Woops! Left of a zero! m <- rbind(c(3, 1000000-3), c(10, 1000000-10)) # [,1] [,2] # [1,] 3 999997 # [2,] 10 999990 And chi-squared test will be chisq.test(m) Which returns chi-squared = 2.7692, df = 1, p-value = 0.0961, which is not statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level. I'd be surprised if these could be clinically significant anyway.