I believed that the *most powerful hypothesis test* for comparing two normal distributions with different mean values, but a common standard deviation, uses the *average value* as *test statistics*. However, I tried to calculate the sample size using a Monte Carlo simulation and compared the two cases: (a) using the numeric average value as test statistic, and (b) transforming the data first to ranks and then calculating the average value. What I found is the ranked data yields a smaller sample size. How is that possible? Here is what I do: 1. I draw $N$ random numbers from the two following distributions $N(\mu_0, \sigma_0)$, and $N(\mu_1, \sigma_1)$, where $\mu_0 = 0$, $\mu_1 = 1$, and $\sigma_1=\sigma_0 = 1$. [I also checked $\mu_1 = 0.25$ and obtain a similar result.] 2. I calculate the test statistic (average value) 3. I repeat step 1+2 "many" times (10 000) to obtain a reliable answer. 4. I calculate the producer and consumer risk and check whether they satisfy * producer risk (type I error) $\alpha \le 5\%$ and simultaneously * consumer risk (type II error) $\beta \le 20\%$. 5. If the conditions in step 4 are not satisfied, I increase the sample size $N$. The hypothesis test I performed is two-sided. If I use the **numeric** value of random numbers for each distribution the conditions are satisfied for the sample size $N=8$. This is fine and consistent with analytic calculations. However, if I transform the random numbers to **ranks**, > Example: (0.0590, 0.5607, 0.1573, 0.5472) becomes (1, 4, 2, 3) and then calculate the test statistic (again the average value) the sample size is only $N = 5$. Intuitively, I get that the ranking increases the separation of the samples. However, I was convinced that the most powerful test is the one which uses the numeric average value. What am I missing? Is it just a bug in my program?