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Refers to an estimator of a population parameter that "hits the true value" on average. That is, a function of the observed data $\hat{\theta}$ is an unbiased estimator of a parameter $\theta$ if $E(\hat{\theta}) = \theta$. The simplest example of an unbiased estimator is the sample mean as an estimator of the population mean.

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Why shouldn't the denominator of the covariance estimator be n-2 rather than n-1?

The denominator of the (unbiased) variance estimator is $n-1$ as there are $n$ observations and only one parameter is being estimated. $$ \mathbb{V}\left(X\right)=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(X_{i}-\ove …
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