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I can understand your confusion. In the Front-Door Criteria of Definition 3.4.1, the original text for #2 read, "There is no unblocked path from $X$ to $Z$." The book's errata changed that to "There i …

Here is my explanation. I believe the author is right. It comes down to this: for a double arrow relationship $W\longleftrightarrow Z,$ neither $W$ nor $Z$ is considered a descendant of the other (unl …

Ah, I see you are studying Pearl's Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer, co-written with Glymour and Jewell. Excellent choice! Theorem 4.3.2 says that if $\tau$ is the total effect of $X$ on $Y$, …

The $w$-specific causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ is quite distinct from the causal effect of $X$ on $Y.$ The causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ is just $P(y|do(x)).$ The $w$-specific causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ …

Having a collider's vertex observed or measured does not mean that causal information can flow through it. What makes causal information flow through a collider is when you condition on the collider. …

I am self-studying Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference, by Judea Pearl, and there is a question I am particularly stumped on. It reads like this: Problem Statement: Given this fragment of a B …