# Questions tagged [forecasting]

Prediction of the future events. It is a special case of [prediction], in the context of [time-series].

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### How moving average works to make predicts?

A moving average model is: Where $\epsilon_t$ is white noise that is $cov(\epsilon_t,\epsilon_{t-h})=0$, $var(e_t)=\sigma^2$,$E(e_t)=0$. How is it related to predict future by averaging previous ...
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### Residual of ARIMA model

I've been using ARIMA recently so I'm a little bit unsettled in the chart interpretation. Currently I have 2 pictures of Ljung box and Residual in ARIMA (2,1,2). Can you help me comment on these 2 ...
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### Supply Chain Spike Order Statistics

I work in supply chain. I am trying to identify orders that could be classified as spikes. I need to do this across many thousands of different products, each with vary different demand/order patterns....
22 views

### ARIMA total confidence interval for multiple predictions

I am using ARIMA (from statsmodels in python) to predict this years revenue based on data from the last ten years until year to date. For example now I'm predicting ...
9 views

### Extrapolation of total sales by partial stores results

My company receives the sales numbers from our different stores at different points in time over the next month. We would like to know what the total sales from all stores are while we don't have the ...
21 views

### Result of a diagnostic test of a predictive model looking too good

I have created a predictive model that outputs a predictive density. I used 1000 rolling windows to estimate the model and predict one step ahead in each window. I collected the 1000 predictions and ...
12 views

### Forecasting Incoming Payments - Increasing Variance in a Forecast

I am forecasting daily incoming deposits for a bank for the next 3-6 months. This is going to be used to forecast the bank's liquidity going forward. I have used both Holt-Winters and a time series ...
5 views

### How can we back transform forecasted series in ARIMA model using XLSTAT?

I am trying to back transform the forecasted rainfall series. How we can do it using XLSTAT Time series Box-Cox Transformation function.
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### Recursive time series forecasting model

In a recursive forecasting model, let's say you are trying to predict sales of Target for the next month and you will append that prediction to your input and predict the month after. Basically, your ...
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### Improving prediction of sub-daily library occupancy percentage with fbprophet

Out of interest for time series forecasting, I have compiled a dataset of the occupancy percentage of my university library over the last couple of weeks in 15 minute intervals. Using this dataset, I ...
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### Motivation behind GARCH

Suppose I have built an ARIMA model for a real life process, where volatility is present. Now if for modelling the ARCH effect I fit a GARCH model, how will it affect my ARIMA model in terms of ...
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### Recursive time series forecasting [duplicate]

In a recursive forecasting model, let's say you are trying to predict sales for the next month and you will append that prediction to your input and predict the month after. Basically, your target is ...
21 views

### Forecasting demand with stock-out

I'm using machine learning (gradient boosting) to forecast demand for a weekly magazine. Every week, a new issue is shipped, while all stores wraps and returns the issue from the previous week. The ...
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### Why my LSTM model predictions is a straigth line?

I am newbie in neural networks and I am trying to build a LSTM model to predict future values. My problem is that the plot of predictions result returns a line in comparation with the testting data. I ...
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### Assess calibration of a density forecast by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on PIT of realized values

According to Elliott & Timmermann "Economic Forecasting" (2016) p. 429-430, Calibration requires that if a density forecast assigns a certain probability to an event, then the event ...
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### Why is my multi-step SARIMA forecasting returning such good results?

I've been working on a SARIMA model that could forecast for up to 12 months into the future. I'm using two functions to perform my forecasting. The first auto_sarima...
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### Is there a theortical benefit from increasing the frequency of a time series, eg monthly instead annual data

A model needs to be fit to a short time series of 3 annual observations of sales (2018 to 2020), e.g. 12, 14 and 13. The next 2 years (annual values) need to be forecasted bsaed on this data. Is there ...
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### Model that form relation between high frequency input and output variables, but observations are available at mixed frequency

I want to explore some forecasting models that form relation with daily output data and daily input data , but learns through monthly output data and daily input data. That means, output observations ...
25 views

### Random-walk and unit root processes predictable?

I know that a random walk is an AR(1) with a unit root, but there are also higher order autoregressive processes with unit roots. Does the unit root in such a higher order autoregressive process also ...
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### Python: auto_arima predicts constant value

As a newbie, I am trying to implement the forecast using the auto Arima model. After searching, I found this site illustrates the usage and the hyperparameters used in the model. However, when I tried ...
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### How to evaluate forecast results on holdout dataset for sales forecast for 300 stores?

I have forecasts for sales at 20 minute level, two weeks(december first week - high sales period and January second week - low sales period) for over 300 stores. There are Three models providing these ...
31 views

### Simple exponential smoothing with FORECAST.ETS in Excel: what are the calculations behind it?

I am really stuck trying to figure out why my manual calculation of ETS forecast doesn't match what's automatically produced by the FORECAST.ETS function in ...
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### which kind of regression to apply in this case? (time series)

I have a daily time series data (independent variable) but the dependent variable only changes weekly. I.e if we have $N$ observations for the independent variable we only $N/7$ observations for the ...
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### 'low limit of 30% confidence interval' is higher than 'forecasts' in arimax model

I ran the ARIMAX model for multi-step forecasts (steps=n). The code was written in python and I used the ARIMA model from statsmodels library. (https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/statsmodels....
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### How do you test multi-step time series forecasting? [duplicate]

Suppose you have n observations of a time series dataset. You split it up to n-k (train data) and k (test data) observations. You train a model using the train data and you can now make predictions. ...
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### Which time periods to use when calculating forecast accuracy for 12 month's rolling forecast?

I understand that the error in forecasting is the difference between the actual value and the forecasted value for time $t$. My confusion lies in which $t$ to consider for evaluating the forecast ...
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### Creating Candidate Models for Forecasting using ACF and PACF

(Using R) I'm trying to find candidate models for forecasting, and I'm a bit confused. I used the auto.arima function on R to find the best fit model, which resulted with (i)SARIMA(1,0,3)(0,0,2)[12]. ...
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### Forecast is not deterministic for statsmodels statsmodels.tsa.statespace.sarimax.SARIMAX [closed]

I'm forecasting a data time series, but each time I do it, I get a different forecast, sometimes with variations of more than 5%, which is not considered acceptable. The model Im using is v0.12.2 ...
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### Identifying $ARIMA(p,d,q)\times(P,D,Q)s$ process

I have a series of monthly data (top left) differenced (12) with lag = 1 (bottom left) with the following ACF (top right) and PACF (bottom right): And I'm trying to fit an $ARIMA(p,d,q)\times(P,D,Q)s$...
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### Statistical forecast vs moving average at sku level

I have recently been doing some analysis regarding forecasting of specific items. I want to know if the findings of my analysis are specific to my data or if it is something that is commonly seen. I ...
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### Best way to handle special events at the end of each month in a time series

I am currently working with grouped time series where I have data disaggregated on a daily basis. I use Facebook Prophet and the results are in general okay with one small catch. There is one aspect ...
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### Is SARIMAX dependent on the scale of an exogenous variable?

I built a SARIMAX model that forecasts some sales. The model includes one exogenous variable (the number of people on holiday). I used this implementation: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/...
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### How to forecast from GARCH-copula model?

I am reading to understand how to forecasting time-series data from the GARCH-copula model. I am looking forward to understanding the steps. From my understanding, we should follow the following steps:...
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### What is the best time series model to find “time lag” between 2 sets of data?

I have two sets of data. Set 1 is a count of sales & date Set 2 is a count of event x occurring & date. What is the best method to find out how a change in an element of Set 1 (date t, sales s)...
18 views

### methods for hierarchical forecasting time series with non-equal length

Intermitent/noisy time series on the bottom levels of a hierarchy can be often dealt with a top-down forecasting approach. (https://otexts.com/fpp3/hierarchical.html) The majority of top-down ...
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### Best model or method for my time series data and question?

I have 2 sets of data Set 1 is composed of time, t and number of u units , (sales data) Set 2 is composed of time, t, and number of s sessions, ( count# of event s occured) Things I would like to know:...
20 views

### Should you bin data when creating moving average to generate a forecast?

Let's say I have insurance claims that are created on a daily basis on Monday through Friday but sometimes there will be days in which we don't get a claim, perhaps it'll be a week or two that we don'...
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### The Nonlinear Asymmetric GARCH Model

I'm reading about the Nonlinear Asymmetric GARCH (NAGARCH) model. If NAGARCH(1, 1) is given by: {\displaystyle ~\sigma _{t}^{2}=~\omega +~\alpha (~\epsilon _{t-1}-~\theta ~\sigma _{t-1})^{2}+~\beta ~...
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### How to transform a daily average temperatures forecast into an hourly forecast based on the hourly temperature profile observed historically?

I need to transform a daily average temperatures forecast into an hourly forecast based on the hourly temperature profile observed historically. I work in Python. I have found ways of forecasting the ...
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### XGBoost for Time-Series Forecasting - Issues with Stationarity Transformations

I'm trying to forecast daily Covid vaccinations in Germany, especially focussing on using tree-based ensemble methods. One issue with tree-based methods for forecasting is extrapolation, when the time-...
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### ETS model displays autocorrelation

How do you deal with an ETS model that displays autocorrelation? I would like to get rid of it but differencing so far has not helped.
580 views

### Why Time series decomposition is performed

I am new to time series forecasting. In most of the forecasting blogs that I have read so far, the time series is decomposed first. As per my current understanding it is suppose to help us in figuring ...
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### Getting flat prediction with ARIMA model in Python

I am using an arima model to forecast sales of a given product in python, using statsmodels.tsa.arima.model.ARIMA Sales are daily, with a history of 2019 until ...
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### Multivariate time series models for stock market prediction that utilizes the macroeconomics data

I wonder what Machine Learning models/library will work best if we want to build a forecasting system of S&P 500 index that is not just based on the daily market data, but also the macroeconomics ...