# Tags

A tag is a keyword or label that categorizes your question with other, similar questions. Using the right tags makes it easier for others to find and answer your question.

A stochastic process with the property that the future is conditionally independent of the past, given the present.
1138 questions
Factor analysis is a dimensionality reduction latent variable technique which replaces inter-correlating variables by a smaller number of continuous latent variables called factors. The factors are be…
1110 questions
Situation when there is strong linear relationship among predictor variables, so that their correlation matrix becomes (almost) singular. This "ill condition" makes it hard to determine the unique rol…
1090 questions
Goodness of fit tests indicate whether or not it is reasonable to assume that a random sample comes from a specific distribution.
1079 questions
An instrument used to collect a sample from a population. Surveying often refers to sampling of human populations and is primarily done by administering questionnaires or interviewing individuals.
1079 questions
Natural Language Processing is a set of techniques from linguistics, artificial intelligence, machine learning and statistics that aim at processing and understanding human languages.
1073 questions
Non-constant variance along some continuum in a random process.
1069 questions
The error of an estimate or prediction is its deviation from the true value, which may be unobservable (e.g., regression parameters), or observable (e.g., future realizations). Use the [error-message]…
1062 questions
A proportion is the fraction of some total that is of a particular kind, either (i) as a count of one type of thing out of a total count, or (ii) as a component of a continuous variable.
1060 questions
only for regression models in which the response is a nonlinear function of the parameters. Do not use this tag for nonlinear data transformation.
1057 questions
The science of statistics applied to the analysis of biological or medical data.
1033 questions
Data with categorical values that can be ordered by magnitude, but the exact distance (spacing) between categories is undefined or unknown.
1032 questions
A $k\times k$ matrix of covariances between all pairs of $k$ random variables. It is also called variance-covariance matrix or simply the covariance matrix.
1016 questions
Convergence generally means that a sequence of a certain sample quantity approaches a constant as the sample size tends to infinity. Convergence is also a property of an iterative algorithm to stabili…
1014 questions
A set of dynamic strategies by which an algorithm can learn the structure of an environment online by adaptively taking actions associated with different rewards so as to maximize the rewards earned.
1009 questions
Refers to techniques for reducing a large number of variables or dimensions spanned by data to a smaller number of dimensions while preserving as much information about the data as possible. Prominent…
1008 questions
A function used to quantify the difference between observed data and predicted values according to a model. Minimization of loss functions is a way to estimate the parameters of the model.
996 questions
k-means is a method to partition data into clusters by finding a specified number of means, k, s.t. when data are assigned to clusters w/ the nearest mean, the w/i cluster sum of squares is minimized
994 questions
In biostatistics, fixed-effects may mean population-average effects. In econometrics, fixed-effects may represent the observed quantities in terms of explanatory variables that are treated as if the q…
990 questions
The difference between the expected value of a parameter estimator & the true value of the parameter. Do NOT use this tag to refer to the [bias-term] / [bias-node] (ie the [intercept]).
980 questions
The coefficient of determination, usually symbolized by $R^2$, is the proportion of the total response variance explained by a regression model. Can also be used for various pseudo R-squared proposed…
963 questions
Gaussian processes refer to stochastic processes whose realization consists of normally distributed random variables, with the additional property that any finite collection of these random variables …
961 questions
On evaluating models, either in-sample or out-of-sample.
950 questions
AIC stands for the Akaike Information Criterion, which is one technique used to select the best model from a class of models using a penalized likelihood. A smaller AIC implies a better model.
943 questions
Many statistical methods assume data are normally distributed. Use this tag for questions about the assumption & testing of normality, or about normality as a *property*. Use [normal-distribution] for…
932 questions
Structural Equation Modeling is a multivariate technique. It is based on formulating a set of linear relations between variables, some of which may be latent, and estimating the whole system, typicall…
931 questions
a sequence of objects or individuals collected from a larger (possibly infinite) population or process.
931 questions
Data organized into discrete categories or *classes* may present problems for certain analyses if the number of observations ($n$) belonging to each class is not constant across classes. Classes with …
930 questions
Gradient descent is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm. To find a local minimum of a function using gradient descent, one takes steps proportional to the negative of the gradient (or of th…
906 questions
Refers to the probability distribution of parameters conditioned on data in Bayesian statistics.
903 questions
In Bayesian statistics a prior distribution formalizes information or knowledge (often subjective), available before a sample is seen, in the form of a probability distribution. A distribution with la…
902 questions
An unambiguous list of computational steps involved in finding a solution to a class of problems.
898 questions
Generalized Linear Mixed (effects) Models are typically used for modeling non-independent non-normal data (eg, longitudinal binary data).
897 questions
Refers to the conditions under which a statistics procedure yields valid estimates and/or inference. E.g., many statistical techniques require the assumption that the data are randomly sampled in some…
895 questions
Modeling error (especially sampling error) instead of replicable and informative relationships among variables improves model fit statistics, but reduces parsimony, and worsens explanatory and predict…
886 questions
A matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns. The individual items in a matrix are called its elements or entries.
862 questions