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Spearman's correlation is a rank based correlation measure; it's non-parametric and does not rest upon an assumption of normality.

The sampling distribution for Pearson's correlation does assume normality; in particular this means that although you can compute it, conclusions based on significance testing may not be sound.

As Rob points out in the comments, with large sample this is not an issue. With small samples though, where normality is violated, Spearman's correlation should be preferred.

Update Mulling over the comments and the answers, it seems to me that this boils down to the usual non-parametric vs. parametric tests debate. Much of the literature, e.g. in biostatistics, doesn't deal with large samples. I'm generally not cavalier with relying on asymptotics. Perhaps it's justified in this case, but that's not readily apparent to me.

Updated

The question asks us to choose between Pearson's and Spearman's method when normality is questioned. Restricted to this concern, I think the following paper should inform anyone's decision:

• On the Effects of Non-Normality on the Distribution of the Sample Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (Kowalski, 1975)

It's quite nice and provides a survey of the considerable literature, spanning decades, on this topic -- starting from Pearson's "mutilated and distorted surfaces" and robustness of distribution of $r$. At least part of the contradictory nature of the "facts" is that much of this work was done before the advent of computing power -- which complicated things because the type of non-normality had to be considered and was hard to examine without simulations.

Kowalski's analysis concludes that the distribution of $r$ is not robust in the presence of non-normality and recommends alternative procedures. The entire paper is quite informative and recommended reading, but skip to the very short conclusion at the end of the paper for a summary.

If asked to choose between one of Spearman and Pearson when normality is violated, the distribution free alternative is worth advocating, i.e. Spearman's method.

Previously ..

Spearman's correlation is a rank based correlation measure; it's non-parametric and does not rest upon an assumption of normality.

The sampling distribution for Pearson's correlation does assume normality; in particular this means that although you can compute it, conclusions based on significance testing may not be sound.

As Rob points out in the comments, with large sample this is not an issue. With small samples though, where normality is violated, Spearman's correlation should be preferred.

Update Mulling over the comments and the answers, it seems to me that this boils down to the usual non-parametric vs. parametric tests debate. Much of the literature, e.g. in biostatistics, doesn't deal with large samples. I'm generally not cavalier with relying on asymptotics. Perhaps it's justified in this case, but that's not readily apparent to me.

Spearman's correlation is a rank based correlation measure; it's non-parametric and does not rest upon an assumption of normality.

The sampling distribution for Pearson's correlation does assume normality; in particular this means that although you can compute it, conclusions based on significance testing may not be sound.

As Rob points out in the comments, with large sample this is not an issue. With small samples though, where normality is violated, Spearman's correlation should be preferred.

Spearman's correlation is a rank based correlation measure; it's non-parametric and does not rest upon an assumption of normality.

The sampling distribution for Pearson's correlation does assume normality; in particular this means that although you can compute it, conclusions based on significance testing may not be sound.

As Rob points out in the comments, with large sample this is not an issue. With small samples though, where normality is violated, Spearman's correlation should be preferred.

Update Mulling over the comments and the answers, it seems to me that this boils down to the usual non-parametric vs. parametric tests debate. Much of the literature, e.g. in biostatistics, doesn't deal with large samples. I'm generally not cavalier with relying on asymptotics. Perhaps it's justified in this case, but that's not readily apparent to me.

Spearman's correlation is a rank based correlation measure; it's non-parametric and does not rest upon an assumption of normality.

The sampling distribution for Pearson's correlation does assume normality; in particular this means that although you can compute it, conclusions based on significance testing may not be sound. As Rob points out in the comments, with large sample this is not an issue. With small samples though, Spearman's correlation should be preferred.

Spearman's correlation is a rank based correlation measure; it's non-parametric and does not rest upon an assumption of normality.

The sampling distribution for Pearson's correlation does assume normality; in particular this means that although you can compute it, conclusions based on significance testing may not be sound.

As Rob points out in the comments, with large sample this is not an issue. With small samples though, where normality is violated, Spearman's correlation should be preferred.