The R command cov2cor(vcov(fitted_model))
will return you the covariance matrix of regression estimates. It is proportional to $(X'X)^{-1}$, which means that in the extreme case of a perfect correlation of a slope and an intercept the covariance matrix is rank deficient. Hence,
Because the inverse of rank deficient matrix $X'X$ doesn't exist, whichthe only way to have this situation is impossibleif when the matrix $X'X$ was rank deficient to start with, which is a definition of perfect multicollinearity (PM). PM can be problematic for inference, but often is no big deal for forecasting